Overview: Magnetism encompasses a wide range of systems and physicalphenomena, and its study has posed and exposed both importantfundamental problems and many practical applications. .Recently, several entirely new phenomena have thus been discovered,generated through cooperative behaviour which could not have beenpredicted from a knowledge of `one-spin‘ states. At the same time,advances in sample preparation, experimental technique, apparatus andradiation sources, have led to increasing precision in theinvestigation and exposure of greater subtleties in magnetic thinfilms, multilayers and oth
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