Titlebook: Smad Signal Transduction; Smads in Proliferati Peter ten Dijke,Carl-Henrik Heldin Book 2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 evolu

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,TGF-β/SMAD Signaling in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition,vatives. EMT resembles other processes of transdifferentiation from one differentiated cell type to another and is critical for proper embryonic development. Furthermore, EMT describes similar processes between endothelial and myoepithelial cells occurring during blood vessel remodeling. All such pr

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Genetic Disruptions within the Murine Genome Reveal Numerous Roles of the Smad Gene Family in Develd through extensive research using gene targeting technologies to introduce various types of mutations into these genes. Analysis of mutant mice has uncovered important functions of Smads in numerous biological processes, including gastrulation, mesoderm induction and patterning, angiogenesis, cell

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Trafficking of Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors and Smad Activation,components such as SARA and Smurfs, which bind the receptor substrates called the Smad proteins. These components partition between two endocytic pathways, which lead to two separate functions in TGF-β signaling. On the one hand, clathrin-dependent endocytosis promotes signaling by leading the recep

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Regulation of Smad Function by Phosphorylation,teins have been reported as phosphoproteins. Phosphorylation of receptor-activated Smad proteins by type I receptors initiates TGF-β family signaling. Phosphorylation of Smads by a number of other kinases is a mechanism of cross-talk between Smads and other signaling pathways. Smad phosphorylation i

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Regulation of Smad Functions Through Ubiquitination and Sumoylation Pathways,functions of many transcription factors. Improper modifications of these regulatory proteins may play an important role in the initiation and/or progression of human diseases. Recent evidence suggests that stability, activity and signaling strength of Smads are fine-tuned via various post-translatio

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Integration of Signaling Pathways Via Smad Proteins, pathways have been described. The Smad proteins are the most extensively characterized signal transducers downstream of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted growth factors. In most cases, Smad proteins have been shown to mediate this crosstalk via the formation of DNA-bound transcriptional complexes w

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Interplays Between The Smad and Map Kinase Signaling Pathways,roteins of the Smad family, which are activated by ligand-activated membrane-bound heteromeric serine-threonine kinase receptor complexes. Smad-driven gene expression is strongly dependent upon interactions of with other intracellular signaling mechanisms, initiated or not by TGF-β itself, that may