Titlebook: Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin‘s Neuroendocrine Sys; Andrzej T. Slominski,Michal A. Zmije

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,Equivalent of Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis,lipid catabolism. The HPT axis is also involved in cell differentiation and proliferation as well as morphogenesis. Tight control of thyroid hormone activity is orchestrated by hypothalamic synthesis of the thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), which activates its receptors (TRH-R1) in the anterior pitui

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Perspectives,, integrate, and respond to a diverse range of stressors including UV radiation. Recent findings have established the skin as a peripheral neuroendocrine organ that is tightly networked to central stress axes (Fig. 1.2). This capability contributes to the maintenance of skin’s and body’s homeostasis

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Steroidogenesis in the Skin,c11β enzymes and then released into circulation (Felig and Frohman 2001; Payne and Hales 2004). Specifically, 3β-HSD/isomerase transforms pregnenolone to progesterone, and 17(OH)pregnenolone to 17(OH)progesterone, P450c17 catalyzes 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone or progesterone to 17(OH)pregnenol

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,Equivalent of Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in the Skin,lhouse and Grammatopoulos 2006; Pritchard and White 2007; Smith and Funder 1988). The arginine vasopressin (AVP) produced by the PVN can also act synergistically with CRF in activating the HPA axis (Chrousos 1995; Itoi et al. 2004). In the adrenal cortex ACTH, by interacting with the MC2 receptors (

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Cutaneous Secosteroidal System, products defined as 17-hydroxy-7DHP and 7-dehydroprogesterone (Slominski et al. 2009c). These findings defined a novel steroidogenic pathway: 7DHC → 22(OH)7DHC → 20,22(OH).7DHC → 7DHP, with potential further metabolism of 7DHP mediated by 3β-HSD or CYP17 along the Δ. and Δ. steroidogenic pathways,

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Cutaneous Endocannabinoid System,neurotransmitters. ECS reuptake may be facilitated by a transporter that has not been cloned yet; however, pharmacological inhibitors of ECS transport have nonetheless been developed (Guindon and Hohmann 2009). The lipophilic nature of ECS allows them to activate various enzymes in cytosol and membr