Titlebook: Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin‘s Neuroendocrine Sys; Andrzej T. Slominski,Michal A. Zmije

背景

Corticotropin Signaling System in the Skin,tory activities via interaction with CRF receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, which were cloned and initially characterized by Vale’s group and others (Grammatopoulos and Chrousos 2002; Hillhouse and Grammatopoulos 2006; Hillhouse et al. 2002; Perrin and Vale 1999; Slominski et al. 2001).

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雀斑

Introduction,body homeostasis, and ultimately organism survival (Slominski 2005; Slominski and Wortsman 2000; Slominski et al. 2000c; Zmijewski and Slominski 2011). It also exposes skin to numerous pathological agents, processes, and events. Thus, the capability to locally recognize, discriminate, and integrate

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Melatoninergic System in the Skin,and vertebrates (Hardeland et al. 2011; Reiter 1991; Slominski et al. 2008a; Tan et al. 2002; Yu and Reiter 1993). In mammals, melatonin is produced in the pineal gland (Reiter 1991) as well as in brain, retina, Harderian gland, ciliary body, lens, thymus, airway epithelium, bone marrow, immune cell

充满装饰

Cutaneous Cholinergic System, (α1–α10, β1–β4, γ, δ, ε) subunits (Wu and Lukas 2011). Several subunits of the same type may be present in any given receptor type (e.g., α1 and α5). Nicotinic receptors signal by forming ligand-regulated cation channels. There are five subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M1–M5) that act through G-pr

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险代理人

Assignment

,Equivalent of Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in the Skin,ystemic stress (Selye 1936; Seyle 1976). The HPA functional structure has been completed by determining that hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) acts as the regulator of the production of ACTH and β-endorphin in the anterior pituitary (Spiess et al. 1981; Vale et al. 1981). The HPA pat

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