Titlebook: Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy; James B. Pawley Book 19952nd edition Springer-Verlag US 1995 Confocal.Microscopy.Pawley.biolog

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Intermediate Optics in Nipkow Disk Microscopes, optical cross-sectioning. Its transverse resolution, ., and the contrast of the image are better than with a standard microscope, and because it uses a laser beam, the illumination intensity is very high. At the same time, a choice of illumination wavelengths is available (Wilson and Sheppard, 1984

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The Role of the Pinhole in Confocal Imaging System,on) and optical sectioning (Wilson and Sheppard, 1984). It is probably the latter property that is most useful, as it gives rise to the ability to image a thick specimen in three dimensions. This is possible because the optical system detects information only from a thin region in the neighborhood o

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Photon Detectors for Confocal Microscopy,ect in the absence of interfering information from neighboring points. Recently, confocal techniques have expanded to encompass not only morphology but disciplines as far afield as physiology, spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime analysis, and even DNA sequencing. As a result, the requirements and de

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The Collection, Processing, and Display of Digital Three-Dimensional Images of Biological Specimensmade it possible to record 3D microscopic images of biological specimens using either electron or light microscopy. While the collection of 3D data sets has now become routine, the analysis and interpretation of these images generally require significant time and effort. This is true, in part, becau

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Visualization Systems for Multidimensional CLSM Images,ations involving computer-generated models of macroscopic objects. These methods have been adapted for biological visualization of mainly tomographic medical images and serial section data (e.g., Cookson ., 1989; review: Cookson, 1994). Most algorithms were not devised specifically for microscopy da

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Fluorophores for Confocal Microscopy,fic than absorbance or reflectance, and because it works so well with epi-illumination, which greatly simplifies scanner design. These advantages of fluorescence are critically dependent on the availability of suitable fluorophores that can either be tagged onto biological macromolecules to show the

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Image Contrast in Confocal Light Microscopy,ntrast mechanism by which to “see” the structures of interest. As defined by the ., contrast is the difference between light and dark areas of a negative or print. In other words, contrast is the difference in signal strength between various parts of an image or between details of interest and “back

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Guiding Principles of Specimen Preservation for Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy, molecular data with morphology. Electron microscopy (EM) provides fine ultrastructural detail but is limited to the study of cellular structures that react with electron-dense stains deposited in fixed specimens. Immunogold labeling permits the study of non-electron-dense material, but EM sections

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