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Photoreceptor specific guanylate cyclases in vertebrate phototransduction,ynthesize the intracellular transmitter of photoexcitation guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Both cyclases named ROS-GC1 and ROS-GC2 form a subclass of membrane bound cyclases and differ in many aspects from hormone peptide receptor guanylate cyclases. One unique feature is their regulati

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Calcium-modulated membrane guanylate cyclase in synaptic transmission?,its connection with processes other than phototransduction within and outside the retina. ROSGC1 activity is regulated by Ca. in two opposite modes. This regulation is indirect and occurs through Ca.-binding proteins. At nanomolar Ca. concentrations, ROS-GC1 is activated by GCAPs and at micromolar C

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Calcium-sensitive ROS-GC1 signaling outside of photoreceptors: A common theme, this is not the case. In one, the ROS-GC 1 signal transduction system has been identified and characterized in pinealocyte neurons. This signaling is modulated by norepinephrine. However, the response of the individual pinealocyte neuron to the norepinephrine signal depends on whether the GCAP 1-li

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A novel role of RGS9: Inhibition of retinal guanylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase (PDE) and retinal guanylyl cyclase (retGC). However, studies of the relationship between these two systems have focused only on a Ca.-mediated, indirect connection. This article summarizes our studies strongly suggesting that RGS9-1 is directly involved in the cooperative action o

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Retinal diseases linked with photoreceptor guanylate cyclase,ally heterogenous group of disorders. Continuously increasing body of evidence links retinal dystrophies to mutations in numerous genes. These genes code for retinal proteins of various function (phototransduction, visual cycle, transcription factors, structural and metabolic functions). Mutations i

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Factors that affect regulation of cGMP synthesis in vertebrate photoreceptors and their genetic linodium and calcium through the cGMP-gated ion channels. The consequence of this event is 2-fold: first, the decrease in the inward sodium current plays the major role in an abrupt hyperpolarization of the cellular membrane; secondly, the decrease in the Ca.influx diminishes the free intracellular Ca.

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Guanylyl cyclases in unicellular organisms,guanylyl cyclase activity is calcium-regulated suggesting a structural kinship to similarly regulated membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases in vertebrates. Yet, cloning of ciliate guanylyl cyclases revealed a novel combination of known modular building blocks. Two cyclase homology domains are inversely a

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Isoforms of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase,eurotransmission. The prosthetic heme group of the enzyme acts as the NO sensor, and binding of NO induces conformational changes leading to an up to 200-fold activation of the enzyme. The unexpected fast dissociation half-life of NO of a few seconds is fast enough to account for the deactivation of

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The receptor-like properties of Nitric oxide-activated soluble guanylyl cyclase in intact cells,ggregation and neural signalling) through the accumulation of cGMP and the engagement of various downstream targets, such as protein kinases and ion channels. Until recently, our understanding of sGC functioning has been derived exclusively from studies of the enzyme in tissue homogenates or in its

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Soluble guanylate cyclases in the retina,ighly activated by nitric oxide, and that many of the effects of nitric oxide on various cells and tissues are mediated through increased production of cyclic GMP. This review discusses the evidence for the presence of soluble guanylate cyclases in different classes of cells in vertebrate retina and