Titlebook: Surgical Approaches to the Spine; Robert G. Watkins, III,Robert G. Watkins, IV Book 2015Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media New

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,Transoral Approach to C1–C2,Preoperative preparation of the patient should include oral and nasal cultures. Preoperative antiseptic gargles and tetracycline, which were used in the past,. are not needed. No special antibiotic coverage is used for normal oral flora.. Standard prophylactic antibiotics are used.

形上升才刺激

神圣在玷污

Anterior Medial Approach to the Midcervical Spine,Position the patient supine on the operating table. Turn the head to the right.

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刀锋

背信

用肘

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Anterior Lateral Approach to the Upper Cervical Spine,h the head should not be turned or rotated, and for surgeons who do not feel comfortable with the neurovascular structures medial to the carotid sheath, this approach offers a relatively bloodless field.

哥哥喷涌而出

Third Rib Resection in the Transthoracic Approach,rea than does 2nd rib resection.1 The cephalad extension of the exposure is enhanced with kyphosis deformity of the cervicothoracic junction area. Exposure of the 3rd rib allows additional removal of the 2nd rib if the operative exposure is inadequate.