Titlebook: Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914; Olga Crisp Book 1976 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1976 econo

Certainty

The Russian economy under serfdom,omy by Soviet writers. The studies available tend to fall into two basic categories. Either they are works of a general nature dealing with large issues reflecting current ideological preoccupations of Soviet historians and only marginally of interest to the Western student with a specific piece of

诗集

The state peasants under Nicholas I,r 90 per cent of the total population in 1858, were the serfs of private landowners, and it cannot be denied that the persistence of serfdom, particularly in the harsh form which it took, had left an indelible imprint on ever aspect of Russian life. Nor can it be denied that serfdom was bound to som

LUMEN

Russian financial policy and the gold standard at the end of the nineteenth century,posed on the Russian treasury a task of a magnitude disproportionate to the largely natural economy of the country and the poverty of its people. This imbalance led to chronic budgetary deficits, despite increased taxation, and recourse to the printing press and foreign loans. It was no accident tha

EXULT

stroke

,French investment in Russian joint stock companies, 1894–1914, century by an unprecedented influx of foreign capital into various types of investment: into government bonds, into railway bonds with government guarantee, into municipal enterprise and into industry. By 1914 foreigners held nearly one of every two Russian bonds of a public nature in circulation a

现晕光

仇恨

诱导

祝贺

酷热

The state peasants under Nicholas I,.. Novelists and story writers have immortalised the master—serf relationship in the countryside under Nicholas I. But the state peasants by contrast received relatively little attention, and in so far as the history books have considered them, it has only been in the sense of recognising the formal