Titlebook: Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914; Olga Crisp Book 1976 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1976 econo

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Russian financial policy and the gold standard at the end of the nineteenth century,of . issued had been swollen by the second Turkish war, the wars with Sweden, Poland and Persia under Catherine II, the Italian campaign under Paul, and the Napoleonic wars under Alexander I to over 800 million roubles. By 1815 the value of the . in terms of silver had shrunk by nearly four-fifths..

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,French investment in Russian joint stock companies, 1894–1914,n Russian company shares was fairly modest, its importance in the context of the Russian economy was much greater than the mere absolute amount would suggest, as French capital went primarily into Russia’s basic industries such as mining and metallurgy, and into banking.

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Olga Crispnd medical measures. At the same time, the solutions and approaches oriented to social solidarity amongst communities created the bases for reducing the social divide. The formation of networks of support which reached out for the needs of the most vulnerable people, proved to be problem solving ori

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