Titlebook: Special Issue on Emerging Bacterial Toxins; Klaus Aktories,Ingo Just Book 2005 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under excl

唤起

Anthrax toxins, these polypeptides, protective antigen (PA), binds to the integrin-like domains of ubiquitously expressed membrane proteins of mammalian cells. PA is then cleaved by membrane endoproteases of the furin family. Cleaved PA molecules assemble into heptamers, which can then associate with the two other

NAVEN

Uptake of binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins,special-type AB toxins, because they are composed of two nonlinked proteins, which have to assemble on the surface of eukaryotic cells to act cytotoxically. The enzymatically active component (A), ADP-ribosylates G-actin in the cytosol of target cells. This leads to a complete depolymerization of th

CLOUT

The enteric toxins of , ,esent inside the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric toxins of . share two common features: (1) they are all single polypeptides of modest (~25—35 kDa) size, although lacking in sequence homology, and (2) they generally act by forming pores or channels in plasma membranes of host cells. These enteri

CRAB

The , vacuoloating cytotoxin: from cellular vacuolation to immunosuppressive activities,ronic gastritis, eventually followed by peptic ulceration and, more rarely, gastric cancer. . has developed a unique set of virulence factors, actively supporting its survival in the special ecological niche of the human stomach. Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA)

cylinder

acquisition

The , vacuoloating cytotoxin: from cellular vacuolation to immunosuppressive activities,ivity, VacA has been reported to induce apoptosis in epithelial cells, to affect B lymphocyte antigen presentation, to inhibit the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, and to modulate the T cell-mediated cytokine response.

诽谤

Adrenaline

技术

Cholesterol