Titlebook: Rethinking the Three R‘s in Animal Research; Replacement, Reducti Jan Lauwereyns Book 2018 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

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The Monkey Question,ate. I note the weaknesses of retrospective thinking, the erroneous appeal to necessity, and the unfounded bias against working with human volunteers and rodents. The issues are illustrated via three scientific paradigms for which there exist valid alternatives: the development of a neural control s

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tch between micro-motives and macro-behaviorThis work challenges the current reliance on "The Three R‘s" or Replacement, Reduction and Refinement which direct most animal research in the behavioral sciences. The author argues that these principles that were developed in the 1950‘s to guide the use o

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A Mismatch Between Micro-motives and Macro-behavior,allenge will be to shift from agency at the microscopic level to agency at the macroscopic level. Such a shift would enable researchers to address, among other things, the key scientific problem of sample size.

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Jan Lauwereynst presents an overview of the current trends, pressing challenges, and pertinent case studies shaping the discourse on global sustainability. Rapid urbanization, population growth, and industrialization have led to increased resource consumption, biodiversity loss, and climate change impacts. Concur