Titlebook: Responses of Fruit Trees to Global Climate Change; Fernando Ramirez,Jose Kallarackal Book 2015 The Author(s) 2015 Carbon Dioxide.Ecophysio

指耕作

Phenology of Temperate Fruit Trees,(Campoy et al. 2011). Global warming has caused apple tree phenology to change in various parts of the world. This is the case of apples which begin flowering 3–4 days earlier than other fruit trees in Lithuania (Romanovskaja and Bakšiene 2009). ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees have flowered 7–9 days

否决

Kidnap

Phenology of Tropical Fruit Trees,ng et al. 2006), mango (Ramírez and Davenport 2012) (Fig. 8.1) and coffee (Paes de Camargo 2010). In tropical ecosystems, phenology might be less sensitive to temperature and photoperiod, and more tuned to seasonal shifts in precipitation (Reich 1995; Morellato 2003; Sanchez-Azofeifa et al. 2003; Cl

绅士

Climate Change and Chilling Requirements,t al. 2014). All economically important fruit and nut tree species that originated from temperate and cool subtropical regions have chilling requirements that need to be fulfilled each winter to ensure homogeneous flowering and fruit set, and generate economically sufficient yields (Westwood 1993; L

共同时代

Precipitation,raparo 2011). These authors noted that rainfall and temperature operate synergistically to influence mean full bloom dates for apples and pears in the southwestern Cape. Ultimately, the long-term temperature shifts in apple and pear tree phenological stages in the southwestern Cape region, South Afr

脱毛

Ecophysiological Adaptations and Climate Change,ot growth decline, high leaf pubescence, high leaf thickness and purple color anthocyanin rich leaves (Fischer 2000). Additionally, fruit trees such as Lulo (.) tend to branch excessively when grown above their elevation range between 1,600 and 2,450 m in the Colombian Andes (Erazo 1991; Fischer 200

分发

Biodiversity Implications and the Spread of Diseases,bal warming. Temperate fruit trees are likely to be more affected by climate change than trees in the subtropics and tropics; however, among temperate fruit trees, cultivars might be less or more adapted to changing climatic conditions. Many indigenous tropical and temperate fruits have still remain

小母马

发炎

Phenology of Sub-tropical Fruit Trees,ple (Grab and Craparo 2011; Petrí et al. 2012), mango (Sthapit et al. 2012), litchi and macadamia (Olesen 2011). Tubiello et al. (2002) simulated the effects of current and projected future climate on ‘Valencia’ oranges across the southern United States.

Instantaneous

Ecophysiological Adaptations and Climate Change,0; Fischer et al. 2012). This species synthesizes more purple-colored anthocyanins in leaves, shoots and flowers when grown above 2,400 m (Erazo 1991). Most ecophysiological adaptations developed by fruit trees that live at high elevations in the tropics have been developed over the course of evolution.