Titlebook: Regulatory Toxicology; Franz-Xaver Reichl,Michael Schwenk Reference work 2021Latest edition Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 environmen

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Toxicokinetic Testssable estimates for systemic and organ-specific substance burdens and contribute significantly to the interpretation of toxicological data and their significance for humans. Many examples, mainly for inhalation testing, are provided.

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Toxicity Testing In Vitro: Regulatory Aspectsls, where relevant animal models are not available due to the human-specific nature of the biologic, but also for improved mechanistic evaluations, human in vitro models will be required or at least deliver helpful information.

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Aims and Mission of Regulatory Toxicologyhe environment. This requires sufficient information on the hazardous properties of a chemical compound, their relevance to man, and of human and environmental exposure, which is a prerequisite for appropriate risk assessment and the decision whether regulatory consequences are warranted. The three

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National and International Collaboration in Regulatory Toxicologyicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Comprehensive and cost-effective use of these substances while maintaining high health and safety standards is, in principle, possible and has been shown in a number of cases. However, it is still a long way until these standards are implemented worldwide foll

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The Regulatory Process in Toxicologytremely heterogeneous features. Fundamental differences are encountered not only with regard to institutional responsibilities but also – and in particular – to nomenclature(s); definition of aims of protection; types of organization; scientific basis and extent of justification, implementation, and

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Quality Assurance in Toxicologyfor man and the environment. Data reliability is closely linked with the exclusion or minimization of errors and mistakes in the generation of data. These objectives can be reached by the implementation of appropriate Quality Assurance (QA) systems as an important part of the Quality Management (QM)

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Toxicological Risk Assessmentound or mixture. To enable a systematic analysis of the different types of information needed, various risk analysis paradigms have been developed. Among these, the scheme developed in 1983 by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has been the most widely utilized. Risk analysis provides the sci