Titlebook: Regulatory Toxicology; Franz-Xaver Reichl,Michael Schwenk Reference work 20141st edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 environmen

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Toxicological Risk Assessmentound or mixture. To enable a systematic analysis of the different types of information needed, various risk analysis paradigms have been developed. Among these, the scheme developed in 1983 by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has been the most widely utilized. Risk analysis provides the sci

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Characterization of Physicochemical Parameters in Toxicologyare known. These properties determine to a large extent the behaviour of a substance in the environment and in the living organism. Thus knowledge of physicochemical properties is important for the development of therapeutic drugs as well as for the risk assessment of all chemicals.

Cholecystokinin

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Examination of Organ Toxicityenobiotics. Toxic responses can manifest systemically (e.g., the immune system) or may produce specific toxic effects in a single organ system (skin) or single organ (liver). Organ toxicity may therefore result from a direct and primary effect on a target organ or as a result of secondary effects in

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Specific Toxicity Tests for Neurotoxicity, Immunotoxicity, Allergy, Irritation, Reprotoxicity, and Co other test methods such as testing for possible immunotoxic or neurotoxic properties of a substance. Special, usually internationally applicable, test guidelines form the regulatory basis for the test methods, which apply to chemicals, crop protection products, and medicinal products.

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Toxicity Testing In Vitro. Regulatory Aspects are now used for the early toxicological assessment of new substances within the context of screening tests and for mechanistic investigations. In this connection, in vitro methods represent a valuable adjunct to animal studies, without being able to replace animal studies completely at the present

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Computer-Based Prediction Models in Regulatory Toxicologyts in animal protection legislation have exacerbated the dilemma of regulatory toxicology, where on the one hand the required scientific contributions for the protection of workers, consumers, or patients are constantly augmented while on the other hand the number of experimental animal studies shou

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Vulnerable

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