Titlebook: Reciprocity in Human Societies; From Ancient Times t Antti Kujala,Mirkka Danielsbacka Book 2019 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Autho

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Introduction,tual obligations linking elites and the common people, presented by Barrington Moore, with the gift theory of Marcel Mauss (the obligation to give, receive and repay gifts). Evolutionary psychology is the third element in our idea of reciprocity. Both the inclination to mutual cooperation and retributive moral emotions are innate for people.

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Inca and Maya Reciprocity,iprocity of the community and implying that it was the same thing. In fact, an imbalance in favor of the Inca state remained with regard to the community. The Spanish colonial economy was based on the underpayment of Indian labor, while the Incas provided the full upkeep of labor service workers.

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The Indian Gift and Village Servants,village as a whole. Ensuing colonial rule, however, broke down the old sense of community and the Indian culture of negotiation between the elites and the people. This contributed to making the famines of the nineteenth century more devastating than previously.

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Gift Exchange and Reciprocity in the Nordic Countries,ient means to do so was to appeal to the benevolence of those in authority. Moreover, many nobles knew that it was politically short-sighted and dangerous to oppress the peasants too much. The same kind of unequal reciprocity also pertained to the relations of the crown with its subjects.

Working-Memory

,Reciprocity in the French Army in the First World War and in the Finnish Army in 1941–1944,nd his own country. This chapter focuses on the major wars of the twentieth century and describes the expectations of citizen-soldiers in the ranks of the conscript armies of Finland and France regarding their officers and their way of protesting if unofficial rules regarded as just and fair were broken.

Antecedent

The Modern Welfare State,In the Nordic countries, the level of equality between classes and genders alike is in many respects the highest in the world. People trust each other and institutions, and opportunities for social mobility are high. Although the Nordic countries are not a social paradise, they still stand out positively from the majority of other countries.