| 书目名称 | Nutrition and Osteoporosis | | 编辑 | Harold H. Draper | | 视频video | | | 丛书名称 | Advances in Nutritional Research | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | Nutrition and Osteoporosis: Seeing Through a Glass, Darkly (1 Cor. 13:12) This volume of Advances in Nutritional Research deals with the present state of knowledge relative to the role of nutrition in the etiology of osteoporosis, one of the most serious degenerative diseases in the aging population. As a back drop for subsequent chapters on specific nutrients, Chapter 1 provides a com prehensive account of the gain and loss of bone throughout the life cycle, with emphasis on the architectural changes in later life that predispose to osteoporotic bone fractures. Chapter 2 documents the occurrence of aging bone loss through out human archeological history and Chapter 3 extends this documentation to all non-human vertebrate species so far examined, including primates living in the wild. It is apparent that a progressive loss of bone tissue is a normal accompaniment of aging among higher vertebrates. Whether it is a cause of bone fractures in animals, as it is in humans, is still unknown. It has also been established that there are significant differences in the frequency of osteoporotic fractures among human families, ethnic groups, national populations and diet cultures. Numerous | | 出版日期 | Book 1994 | | 关键词 | Calcium; Nutrition; Pathogene; Phosphor; Vitamin; Vitamin D; bone | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9092-4 | | isbn_softcover | 978-1-4757-9094-8 | | isbn_ebook | 978-1-4757-9092-4 | | copyright | Springer Science+Business Media New York 1994 |
| 1 |
Front Matter |
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Abstract
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| 2 |
,The Gain and Loss of Bone in the Human Life Cycle, |
John F. Aloia |
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Abstract
Osteoporosis may be defined as a diminished quantity and quality of bone that increases the risk for fracture. The fractures given most attention involve the vertebrae, femur and radius, although other fractures are also related to osteoporosis. Fractures of the distal forearm (Colles’) and vertebrae, which contain large amounts of trabecular bone, increase after menopause. The increase in fracture incidence reaches a plateau at 65 years for the wrist, but the incidence continues to rise with increasing age for the vertebrae. The incidence of fractures with a more proportionate mix of compact and trabecular bone increases slowly, and then exponentially in the elderly, resulting in increased fractures in the femur, proximal humerus, proximal tibia and pelvis (Figure 1).
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| 3 |
,Low Bone Mass in Past and Present Aboriginal Populations, |
Susan K. Pfeiffer,Richard A. Lazenby |
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Abstract
A slight and gradual loss of bone mass is characteristic of all aging primates, if they live long enough (Garn, 1970; Burr, 1980). Nevertheless, the observation of reduced bone mass among ancestral human skeletal remains is limited to relatively recent populations. Since the domestication of plants roughly 12,000 years ago, skeletal remains from disparate parts of the world have occasionally shown low bone mass. Perhaps earlier populations did not suffer age-related bone loss because they died at young ages (Pfeiffer, 1990), or perhaps their diet or lifestyle facilitated effective bone maintenance. Past human populations were more dependent on local natural resources and their own physical labor for subsistence, a cultural pattern maintained by only a few geographically isolated aboriginal groups today. These “anthropological populations” have been portrayed as natural paradigms whose dietary habits might be studied as representations of our species’ natural “set point” for nutritional requirements, and against which we might evaluate modern regimens and their biological consequences (Eaton .., 1988; Eaton and Nelson, 1991).
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,Bone Loss in Animals, |
H. H. Draper |
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Abstract
When Garn .. (1967) concluded that aging bone loss is universal, they were referring to the human species. Subsequent research has shown that this conclusion extends to all other species of vertebrates so far examined, from laboratory rodents to non-human species living in the wild. Although the pattern of bone loss differs among species and no animal model has been identified in which the pattern of loss exactly simulates that in humans, studies on aging bone loss in animals have yielded valuable information on the causes of bone loss in human subjects, particularly about the effects of physical activity and nutrition. Much of this information is summarized in a publication by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences on mammalian models for research on aging (1981).
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,The Significance of Habitual Calcium Intake in the Pathogenesis of Peri- and Early Postmenopausal B |
E. C. H. van Beresteijn |
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Abstract
The first hypothesis for the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis was postulated by Albright and colleagues (1941). They suggested a cause and effect relationship between estrogen withdrawal and the occurrence of crush fractures of the vertebrae resulting from loss of bone. Since then ovarian failure has been considered to be the most important determinant of the accelerated bone loss in women during the early postmenopause, and the evidence that the adverse skeletal changes can be prevented with estrogen replacement therapy seems reasonably firm (Weiss ..,1980; Kreiger ..,1982; Ettinger ..,1985).
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,Osteoporosis in Japan: Factors Contributing to the Low Incidence of Hip Fracture, |
Takuo Fujita |
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Abstract
Hip fracture or fracture of the proximal part of the femur is the most serious complication of osteoporosis, progressively increasing with age, especially in females, to become an urgent public health problem all over the world. Among elderly subjects confined to bed, or so-called bedridden patients, osteoporosis and resultant hip or vertebral fractures represent the second major cause responsible for such a miserable state, next only to cerebrovascular accidents, in Japan
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,Osteoporosis in Asia, |
E. M. C. Lau,J. Woo |
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Abstract
During the last two decades, osteoporosis has evolved from a relatively rare condition to an epidemic one in urbanized parts of Asia. In the past, there was a definite geographical pattern to osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. The age-adjusted incidence of hip fracture among Caucasians from Europe and North America was two- to threefold higher than the rates observed in Chinese, Bantu and Maori in the late 1960s (Table 1) (Maggi ..,1991).
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| 8 |
,Calcium and Osteoporosis?, |
D. M. Hegsted |
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Abstract
It seems we are about back to square one and the question that still needs an answer is whether diet, or calcium intake, plays a really significant role in the etiology of osteoporosis, especially hip fractures. Logic may tell us that calcium intake ought to be important but the evidence is weak.
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,Ethnic and Genetic Differences in Susceptibility to Osteoporotic Fractures, |
John J. B. Anderson,William S. Pollitzer |
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Abstract
This chapter contains a review of current information relative to the genetic and environmental determinants of ethnic and racial differences in bone mass and susceptibility to osteoporotic fractures. Evidence for differences in bone mass at all stages of the life cycle is documented, with particular reference to blacks vs. whites and whites vs. Asians. The potential of genetic markers to explain these differences is discussed.
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,Suboptimal Vitamin D Status: a Risk Factor for Osteoporosis?, |
P. Lips |
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Abstract
Severe vitamin D deficiency of long duration leads to osteomalacia, characterized by bone pain, muscle weakness, fractures and pseudofractures or Looser zones (Frame and Parfitt, 1978). Osteomalacia is relatively rare and occurs mainly in certain risk groups, e.g., patients with malabsorption and immigrants to Northwestern Europe from Asian and African countries. About 25 years ago it was recognized by Chalmers .. (1967) that elderly women also were at risk for osteomalacia. They described 37 patients, 34 women and 3 men, mean age 72 years, of whom 19 had previously undergone gastric surgery. Looser zones, indicating gross osteomalacia, were present in 30 patients. Chalmers .. (1969) found an association between osteomalacia and hip fractures. Later on, the measurement of vitamin D metabolites became feasible and low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were reported in institutionalized elderly and geriatric patients (Preece .., 1975; Corless .., 1975).
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,Protein Intake and Calcium Homeostasis, |
Jane E. Kerstetter,Lindsay H. Allen |
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Abstract
The earliest study documenting the relationship between dietary protein and urinary calcium was published 70 years ago. Sherman (1920) reported that an all-meat diet fed to humans increased urinary calcium. Twenty years later McCance .. (1942) confirmed this observation by showing that peptones, gluten, gelatin or egg white added to the diet increased urinary loss of calcium. Another 20 years elapsed until Engstrom and DeLuca (1963) reported that a doubling of dietary protein induced excess urinary calcium excretion, negative calcium balance, and reduced bone ash in rats. Up to this time there was little concern over protein-induced hypercalciuria, because it was thought that dietary protein enhanced the intestinal absorption of calcium and this would offset the urinary calcium loss (Yuen ..,1984).
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,The Effects of High Phosphorus Intake on Calcium Homeostasis, |
Mona S. Calvo |
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Abstract
Osteoporosis and related bone fractures are recognized as a serious cause of morbidity and mortality, largely among elderly women. The most preventable cause of fractures is low bone mass (Riggs and Melton, 1992), which is thought to be dependent on both the current rate of bone loss and peak bone mass (i.e., the amount of bone present at skeletal maturity) (Riggs and Melton, 1986). The most cost-effective approach to reducing the risk of osteoporosis is to maximize peak bone mass by optimizing bone accretion during teen and early adult life and later to slow the rate of bone loss with increasing age (Riggs and Melton, 1986, 1992; Ott, 1990; Matkovic .., 1990).
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,The Effect of Sodium on Calcium Requirement, |
B. E. Christopher Nordin,Allan G. Need |
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Abstract
Ever since Walser (1961) demonstrated the powerful effect of sodium infusion on calcium excretion in dogs, there has been a continuing interest in the relationship between sodium and calcium excretion in human subjects and in various animal species. It has become increasingly clear that sodium intake is an important determinant of obligatory calcium loss, and this in turn has aroused interest in the role of sodium in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and the role of salt restriction in its management. At the same time, renal physiologists have sought to describe and explain (with only partial success) the nature of the mechanisms which link sodium and calcium transport in the kidneys. The present position is that more is known about the empirical effects of sodium intake on urine calcium than on the nature of the mechanism which governs this relationship. This review is therefore necessarily more concerned with outcomes than with mechanisms, but the latter will be reviewed in brief.
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,Fluoride in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, |
Jukka A. Inkovaara |
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Abstract
The halogen fluorine is the most electronegative and one of the most reactive of the elements. It does not exist free in nature but in numerous inorganic salts and countless organic compounds, substituting for hydrogen.
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| 15 |
,Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Vegetarians and Omnivores, |
Isabelle F. Hunt |
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Abstract
There is evidence that the consumption of diets containing large amounts of animal protein is associated with low bone mineral content (BMC). Mazess and Mather (1974, 1975) observed that in Eskimos, whose diets consisted chiefly of meat and provided about 200 g of animal protein per day, bone loss occurred earlier in life and was of greater magnitude than in Caucasians in the U.S.A. An explanation for these observations is based on findings that the higher content of sulfur-containing amino acids in animal as compared to plant proteins results in a greater production of metabolic acid (Halperin and Jungas, 1983; Breslau ..,1988) and higher net excretion of urinary acid. This increased acid load is buffered by calcium which in individuals with marginal or negative calcium balance is made available by the dissolution of bone (Allen .., 1979; Schuette .., 1980; Bushinsky, 1989). Because foods that have a high protein content also tend to be high in phosphorus, the calciuretic effect of a diet high in protein may be ameliorated by the concomitant presence of phosphorus. There is evidence that increased phosporus intake depresses serum calcium levels and stimulates the synthesis of para
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,The Effect of Obesity on Postmenopausal Bone Loss and the Risk of Osteoporosis, |
Claude Ribot,Florence Trémollières,Jean-Michel Pouillès |
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Abstract
Primary osteoporosis is the major cause of spine, wrist, rib and hip fractures in postmenopausal women and in the elderly (Consensus Development Conference, 1991; Kanis .., 1992). Such fractures are a major health problem in industrialized countries and represent a high socio-economic cost since the incidence and morbidity are high. The aging population in industrialized countries and the increase in age-specific incidence noted in several epidemiological studies (Lewis ..,1981; Obrant .., 1989; Maggi .., 1991; Cooper ..,1992) indicate that there will be a significant increase in such fractures. This justifies preventive measures and improved characterization of the predisposing factors.
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,Exercise and Bone Loss, |
Everett L. Smith,Catherine Gilligan,Lorri J. Tommerup |
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Abstract
The skeleton has two major functions: it provides structural support and acts as a mineral reservoir. It responds dynamically to hormones and mechanical stress, homeostatic factors that control serum calcium and skeletal architecture, geometry and bone mineral content. In providing structural support, the skeleton permits movement and protects vital organs. In its function as a mineral reservoir, it responds to changes in hormone levels and helps maintain serum calcium at about 9.8 mg/dL. Bone is resorbed to maintain serum calcium when dietary calcium is inadequate. If the dietary inadequacy is chronic, calcium will be pulled continually from the bone reservoir, resulting in a negative calcium balance and a net loss of calcium and phosphorus. Structural integrity therefore may be threatened when the demands on the reservoir to maintain serum calcium homeostasis are too high.
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| 18 |
,The Menstrual Cycle: Effects on Bone in Menopausal Women, |
Susan I. Barr,Jerilynn C. Prior |
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Abstract
For many years it has been recognized that a significant loss of bone occurs in women at the time of menopause (Riggs and Melton, 1986). However, the importance to bone integrity of regular exposure to both estrogen and progesterone throughout a woman’s reproductive life has received little recognition until recently. The purposes of this chapter are: (1) to demonstrate that disturbances of the menstrual cycle are not uncommon and are often clinically silent; (2) to demonstrate that these disturbances have significant effects on bone in premenopausal women; and (3) to discuss effects of exercise and nutritional parameters on the menstrual cycle, and through this mechanism, their potential to affect bone.
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Back Matter |
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Abstract
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发表于 2025-3-21 16:08:00
