Titlebook: Influenza Pathogenesis and Control - Volume I; Richard W. Compans,Michael B. A. Oldstone Book 2014 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The A

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Receptor Binding Properties of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin as a Determinant of Host Range,ontaining glycan receptors constitutes one of the major determinants of viral host range and transmission properties. Structural studies have elucidated some of the viral determinants involved in receptor recognition of avian-like and human-like receptorsfor various subtypes of influenza A viruses,

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Acid-Induced Membrane Fusion by the Hemagglutinin Protein and Its Role in Influenza Virus Biology,d release energy that fuses viral and cellular membranes. The influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein is a prototypic structural class I viral fusion glycoprotein that, once primed by proteolytic cleavage, is activated by endosomal low pH to form a fusogenic “leash-in-grooves” hairpin structure

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Avian Influenza Virus Transmission to Mammals,e severe respiratory disease and fatalities. Fortunately, most of these viruses do not have the ability to be efficiently spread among humans via aerosols or respiratory droplets (airborne transmission) and to subsequently cause a pandemic. However, adaptation of these zoonotic viruses to humans by

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Enhancement of Influenza Virus Transmission by Gene Reassortment,fferent strains when they co-infect the same host cell. Reassortmentis an important driving force for the evolution of influenza viruses . The ability of reassortment allows influenza virus to endlessly reinvent itself and pose a constant threat to the health of humans and other animals. Of the four

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Mammalian Models for the Study of H7 Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission,ity, and have been used widely to characterize the molecular determinants that confer H5N1 virulence in mammals. However, while H7 influenza viruses have typically been associated with conjunctivitis and/or mild respiratory disease in humans, severe disease and death is also possible, as underscored