Titlebook: Geodetic Refraction; Effects of Electroma Fritz K. Brunner Book 1984 Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1984 atmosphere.magnetism.modelling

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Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Geodetic Interference Measurements: Methods of its Reduction,The present-day standard for the precision of geodetic measurements demands more often the application of interference methods to estimate both, linear and angular values. However, the ultimate precision of geodetic interference measurements in the open atmosphere is limited by atmospheric turbulence.

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Multiple Wavelength Electromagnetic Distance Measurement,Electromagnetic distance-measuring techniques are an essential part of horizontal control networks. All such techniques determine the length of a path by measuring the transit time of an electromagnetic signal between the two endpoints.

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Thomas Brinkmeier,Reinhard Mielkelocity of the electromagnetic wave depends on the mean value of the refractive index along the path. In triangulation, and in trigonometric heighting and levelling, the ideally straight line of sight to the target is bent by the changes in refractive index across the line.

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Modelling of Atmospheric Effects on Terrestrial Geodetic Measurements,geodetic networks. The discussion is limited to the terrestrial case of electromagnetic distance measurements (EDM) and vertical angle measurements (VAM), although the methods discussed appear to have general applicability in geodesy. Other geodetic observation types are treated elsewhere in this monograph.

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Doppler frequency shifts, to name the main ter­ restrial and space observables. Depending on the wavelength of the radiation and the purpose of the measurements, the follow­ ing parameters of the electromagnetic wave are measured: ampli­ tude, phase, angle-of-arrival, polarisation and frequency. Ac­

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-96203-4gate in a vacuum. This monograph is primarily devoted to the properties of these atmospheric effects and to their evaluation. Three main areas can be distinguished: (i) instrumental solutions, (ii) modelling of the effects, and (iii) theoretical developments.