Titlebook: Geodetic Refraction; Effects of Electroma Fritz K. Brunner Book 1984 Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1984 atmosphere.magnetism.modelling

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Literaturwissenschaft und Literaturdidaktik,cted by the mean spatial gradient and the small-scale fluctuating gradients of refractive index, which cause mean displacement and blurring of the image, while electronic distance measurement is affected by the refractive index over the transmission path (Tatarskii 1961; Clifford 1978).

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Karl Richter,Jörg Schönert,Michael Titzmanngeodetic networks. The discussion is limited to the terrestrial case of electromagnetic distance measurements (EDM) and vertical angle measurements (VAM), although the methods discussed appear to have general applicability in geodesy. Other geodetic observation types are treated elsewhere in this mo

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89370-3s. The one is the atmospheric refraction correction and the other is the environmental effect on instruments. In the latter problem little successful improvement has been achieved so far in removing effects on the instruments, in spite of the recent rapid developments of temperature and strain measu

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Behandlung der akuten Depression mit Lithiumquations originating from the geodesist E.H. Bruns (1895), of . from variational principles. They succeeded in computing ray paths in a refractive medium. But geometric optics loses its significance as soon as the medium has irregularities in it of the order of magnitude of the wave length of light.

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90326-2The present-day standard for the precision of geodetic measurements demands more often the application of interference methods to estimate both, linear and angular values. However, the ultimate precision of geodetic interference measurements in the open atmosphere is limited by atmospheric turbulence.

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Die Linsenfehler und ihre Berichtigung,Electromagnetic distance-measuring techniques are an essential part of horizontal control networks. All such techniques determine the length of a path by measuring the transit time of an electromagnetic signal between the two endpoints.