Titlebook: Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear; Evidence from the Fo Jennifer A. Clack,Richard R Fay,Arthur N. Popper Book 2016 Springer International Pub

Neolithic

改进

ASTER

,Actinopterygians: The Ray-Finned Fishes—An Explosion of Diversity, ray-finned fishes extends to the Early Devonian (ca. 415 Ma), although the oldest taxa for which the morphology of the otic region is known in any great detail are 35 million years younger. Early actinopterygians have consolidated saccular otoliths, open vestibular fontanelles, and a persistent oti

DAMN

Sarcopterygians: From Lobe-Finned Fishes to the Tetrapod Stem Group,ir otic regions were constructed similarly to those of both the actinopterygians and chondrichthyans, their structure being the common inheritance of all jawed vertebrates. One distinguishing feature of the primitive sarcopterygian braincase was that the division between the anterior ethmosphenoid a

convulsion

Early Tetrapods: Experimenting with Form and Function,eased by discoveries of fossils from the Late Devonian and early Carboniferous (Mississippian) periods. The primitive condition, as found in several only distantly related taxa, consisted of a bulky stapes with a large footplate and a stout wing-shaped distal portion. In some, the stapes seems to ha

Mortal

Infelicity

Evolution of the Middle and Inner Ears of Mammaliaforms: The Approach to Mammals, to the mandibles in mammaliaforms; however, in Mesozoic eutriconodont and spalacotherioid mammals, it is only connected to the mandible by an ossified Meckel’s cartilage, with the ectotympanic and malleus already displaced from the mandible. Recent morphogenetic studies have shown that the developm

种植,培养

裂口

委屈

The Lepidosaurian Ear: Variations on a Theme,chocephalia). In many lizards, an efficient tympanic middle ear and an effective inner-ear compensatory mechanism permit acute hearing across a range of frequencies. . lacks a tympanic membrane, but this is the result of secondary loss. Fossils of stem lepidosaurs and early rhynchocephalians indicat