Titlebook: Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins; P. Gopalakrishnakone,Anita Malhotra Living reference work 20200th edition

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Evolution of the Snake Venom Delivery System,the maxilla. Caenophidians are often referred to by the position of their fangs as either rear- or front-fanged snakes. The vast majority of snakes that are medically important to humans are front-fanged, and this character has evolved independently on at least three occasions. In addition, some fro

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Evolution, Morphology and Development of the Centipede Venom System,e of terrestrial venomous organisms. However, despite their global distribution, synanthropic habits, and reputation for inflicting painful stings, little is known about centipedes and their venom system. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on the development, the evolutionary trajectory, the

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Homocystinuria

动脉

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屈尊

变态

cathartic

Systematics and Evolution of the Conoidea,w that the venom apparatus played a major role in the evolution of the group by offering sets of unique molecular adaptations for efficient interactions with other taxa of marine animals. These, in turn, enhanced capacities of conoideans to efficiently compete for new ecological niches, a remarkable

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Systematics of Cephalopods,her octopods are placed in Octopoda. Within Octopoda there are well-understood clades: Octopoda is divided into Cirrata and Incirrata; Incirrata is further divided into Argonautoidea and Octopodoidea. Several lineages of cephalopods have been evolving independently for a long time: for example, Spir