Titlebook: Enterprise, Money and Credit in England before the Black Death 1285–1349; Pamela Nightingale Book 2018 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and T

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,The Contribution of Alien Creditors to the English Economy, 1285–1289,e trade with England of Italians, Cahorsins, Gascons, Germans and other smaller groups of aliens is analysed in turn and shown to be localised round the principal ports and registries. The question whether it was as dominant as some historians have claimed and the reasons why it began to decline are

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,Warfare, Currency Confusion and Falling Credit, 1295–1299,00, mostly extracted from English taxpayers, and wool exporters, to finance warfare in France, a rebellion in Wales, campaigns in Scotland, and then another in Flanders, which also  required huge sums to subsidise his allies. The burden on taxpayers was made worse by bad harvests in three successive

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,Monetary Expansion and Economic Growth, 1305–1309,glish mints. This expanded the currency to a new peak c. 1310 and represented monetary growth of over 25% since 1299. Although credit doubled within the decade, and grew in every county except four, as well as in 51 towns, there was no revival of the alien share of London’s credit, even though merch

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,Crises, Conflicts and Mercantile Credit, 1311–1329,king and the baronial party of the Ordainers, while Scottish forces devastated the north of England. The Ordainers reduced the number of registries to twelve, which means that, since only merchants could record their credit, the totals are not comparable with those of other decades which included ma

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,English Financiers, a Gold Currency and Plague, 1340–1349,to turn to English merchants, who formed successive companies to finance him on the security of the customs. In this way, considerable mercantile capital was diverted into war finance, some of which is recorded in the certificates. It contributed to, but does not, fully explain why their total was 2