Titlebook: Eighteenth Century Europe, 1700-89; Jeremy Black Textbook 1990Latest edition Macmillan Publishers Limited 1990 eighteenth century.enlighte

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The Wheels of Commerce, effective transport systems, regions could not benefit from improvement. Economic activities had different requirements, and improvements in infrastructure did not necessarily benefit all, particularly if the two-way flow of improved communications led to competition from better or cheaper products

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项目

Towns, or function. In the region of Aix-en-Provence all built-up areas surrounded by walls and provided with royal justice were defined as towns. In Poland towns were legally incorporated institutions. Settlements without owners were defined as towns in Russia, and though they differed greatly in age, si

独特性

独特性

Enlightenment,e terms any easier to define. This has become more difficult as attention has turned away from a concentration on the writings of a small number of French thinkers to an assessment of the situation throughout Europe. The political, social and religious setting varied in different states, and it is n

Apogee

Culture and the Arts,since these developments can be perceived fully only through an appreciation of specific texts, objects or performances. The most common approach is to discuss developments in terms of a shift from baroque to rococo soon after the beginning of the century with a subsequent neo-classical reaction aga

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ANIM

International Relations,. Dynastic and national prestige, essential both for a sense of purpose and as a lubricant of domestic obedience, were gained principally through international success, and governments could hope to achieve tangible results in diplomacy. The international situation was both dangerous and unstable. T