Titlebook: Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere; 2 Tropical and Subtr Heinrich Walter,Siegmar-W. Breckle Textbook 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidel

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Climatic Conditionsldest month and the absolute minimum (below on the ordinate). Absolute fluctuations in temperature at the equator can, even at sea level, be 13–18°C. This can easily be overlooked, if the monthly average alone is taken into account. This is a ..

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Peter Wolf,Gustav Wagner,Folker Amelungn the flat upper surface of the tepuis, growing on poor quartzite-sandstone soils; it has only recently been investigated. Ecologically, the tepuis must be regarded as peinobiomes (see Vol. I, p. 219). Ecological investigations have been made of the alpine “páramo” belt in the Venezuelan Andes near Merida.

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ProducersThese are ., with very small scalelike leaves on rodlike shoots, and . with larger leaves, which, however, are vertically inserted. These two species are the nearest relatives of the now extinct psilophytes.

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Soil Conditions barrier preventing water from seeping into the deeper soil layers, thus altering the water balance in the soil: in some cases a bog may form; in others, as a result of lateral seepage above the crust, there may be a reduction in the amount of water retained by the soil; in either case the developme