Titlebook: Communication, Meaning and Misconceptions; How to Help, Heal an Karol Janicki Textbook 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

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Descriptions, Inferences and Evaluations: How Do You Know This Film is Wonderful?,.), and . events or other people. Quite often, however, we tend to mix the three even in one sentence. Distinguishing one from the other may in practice be very difficult. People’s awareness of how the three are often mixed seems low, and this may lead to negative social consequences. We often make

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,The Dangerous Verb ‘to be’: He Lied But He Is Not a Liar, stupid’ and ‘she is a thief’ illustrate such uses. They distort reality. The verb ‘to be’ often suggests stability and permanence when we talk about the world which shows instability, and which constantly changes. The verb ‘to be’ in passive sentences also invites some critical analysis. In some si

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On the Ladder of Abstraction: About Houses and Structures, the ladder the less certain we are what we are talking about. In the following chain of steps—‘1. means of transportation 2. vehicle 3. passenger car 4. VW 5. id3 6. my id3’—at step 1 we know the least what we are talking about and at step 6 we know the most. Using highly abstract language may be m

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Framing: Calling a Dog an Animal Friend,ill reinforces it to some degree. Malicious framing is often used in politics. Frames are effective as long as they are credible. Framing often combines words and pictures. Different examples of framing may be placed along the honest-neutral-dishonest continuum. Framing may be seen as relating to propaganda and slogans.