Titlebook: Clostridium difficile; Methods and Protocol Adam P. Roberts,Peter Mullany Book 2016Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Luca Anselma,Luca Piovesan,Paolo Terenzianiocedure for PCR-ribotyping is culturing of . from fecal samples and subsequent typing. In this chapter, we describe a modified PCR-ribotyping method for direct detection of PCR-ribotypes directly in total stool DNA extract, without prior need to isolate ..

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Martin Slota,Martin Baláž,João Leited subsequent isolation of double-crossover excision events using replication-defective plasmids that carry a counterselection marker. Use of a . (cytosine deaminase) or . (orotate phosphoribosyltransferase) as counter selection markers appears equally effective, but there is considerable merit in us

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Martin Slota,Martin Baláž,João Leitem noise in gene expression and can be adaptive allowing for division of labor and bet-hedging strategies. In particular, for bacterial pathogens, the expression of phenotypes related to virulence can show cell–cell variation. Therefore, understanding virulence-related gene expression requires knowle

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Amr Morad,Magdy Nagi,Sameh Alansaryence and on the other on the host. The pathogenesis of . infection could be seen as a three-step process that takes place after disruption of the digestive microbiota by antibiotics: (1) contamination by and germination of spores; (2) multiplication of vegetative cells in the colonic niche using col

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Amr Morad,Magdy Nagi,Sameh Alansaryand animals, produces toxins that are known to contribute directly to damage of the gut. It is known that bacterial flagella are involved in intestinal lesions through the inflammatory host response. The . flagellin recognizes TLR5 and consequently activates the NF-κB and the MAPK signaling pathways

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3514-7 spore form is resistant to a myriad of environmental stresses, including heat, desiccation, and exposure to disinfectants and antimicrobials. These intrinsic properties of spores allow . to survive long-term in an oxygenated environment, to be easily transmitted from host-to-host, and to persist wi

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Matteo Lombardi,Alessandro Maraniated within the chromosome of their host, or as episomal DNAs. Since prophages are ubiquitous throughout the bacterial world, there has been a sustained interest in trying to understand their contribution to the biology of their host. . is no exception to that rule and with the recent release of hun

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27101-9alternative treatment strategies. Both bacteriophages and R-type bacteriocins, also known as phage tail-like particles (PTLPs), show promise as potential antibacterial alternatives for treating CDI. Similar to bacteriophages, but lacking a viral capsid and genome, PTLPs remain capable of killing tar