Titlebook: Chlorine and the Environment; An Overview of the C Ruth Stringer,Paul Johnston Book 2001 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2001 environm

眨眼

Chlorine end use processes,umption totalled 34.5 million tons (.. 85% of apparent capacity), of which about 63% found organic end applications (Rauh 1991). During 1996 world consumption was estimated at 48.8 million tonnes and the global demand for chlorine is forecast to increase at 3.4% per year through 2002, with productio

多产子

Water disinfection & metallurgy,ite, brought dramatic reductions in the prevalence of water-borne diseases (Bull..1990). Elemental chlorine rapidly became the most widely used disinfectant. Currently, water treatment accounts for 6% of chlorine production, or 2.9 million tonnes of 1996’s total global consumption of 48.8 million to

破布

PVC (polyvinyl chloride),production grew from about 6 million tonnes in 1970 to 17.5 million tonnes in 1989 (Johnson 1990) and 27.7 million tonnes in 1997 (Chemical Week 1998). Production then decreased to 24.9 million tonnes in 1999 (Chemical Week 1999).

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Environmental releases of organic chlorine compounds,these releases, however, is poor. Until comparatively recently, it was thought that emissions would dilute and disperse and that, consequently, only limited monitoring was necessary. These views are changing, and improvements in analytical techniques have enabled a far more detailed picture of the p

能量守恒

Environmental behaviour of chlorinated compounds,drogen molecule. The considerably larger relative size of the chlorine molecule makes access for molecular-level attack on the carbon-carbon bonds physically difficult. These properties confer a high degree of chemical stability and flame resistance, particularly among the more highly chlorinated sp

intoxicate

Effects of chlorinated compounds,ics. Routes of exposure depend on the chemical(s) and organism(s) in question. While there will always be exceptions, broad generalisations can be made. Volatile compounds will be absorbed primarily through inhalation. Chemicals may be directly absorbed from the environment — for example, flatfish r

pericardium

GOAD

colony

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls),positions (see Figure 11.1). The group is generally referred to as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To avoid having to use cumbersome chemical names for individual congeners, each is given a number and these are listed in Table 11.1. Jensen (1966) first described PCBs from environmental samples due