Titlebook: A Primer to Causal Reasoning About a Complex World; Lars-Göran Johansson,Thomas Banitz,Maja Schlüter Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2024 The Editor(s) (if a

minion

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-15955-1ptions of how a state change in one object, labelled ‘the cause’, is transmitted through a number of intermediate objects to the final effect, i.e., a state change in another object. So the fundamental structure of mechanistic explanations is that of chained cause-effect relations..The main points of this chapter are:

同时发生

Introduction: Causation in Social-Ecological Systems,ystem. There is plenty of talk about causes in these papers, but, interestingly, the authors talk about causes and effects without much reflection on the criteria for something being a cause of something else, nor about the required evidence for such claims.

Cultivate

VOK

Deject

爆炸

Causation, Laws and Regularitiesies, expressed as correlations and regressions..It is tempting to think that laws and regularities describe general causal relations. They do not. Neither laws nor regularities distinguish between cause and effect, they state relations between quantities only; the causal aspect is connected to the m

集合

唠叨

共同给与

ingrate