Titlebook: Atlas of Cardiac Surgery; Francis C. Wells Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer

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Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting the left anterior descending (LAD) in St Petersburg. Three years later, René Favaloro performed a similar operation at the Cleveland Clinic using a saphenous vein graft. Half a century after this pioneering work, CABG is now one of the most frequently performed surgical operations in the world. Des

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Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graftingcardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegia. The technique was revived again in the 1980s, driven by the financial benefits of not needing the bypass machine. Off pump has further developed with minimally invasive direct access coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB), typically consisting of anastomosing