Titlebook: Animal Influenza Virus; Methods and Protocol Erica Spackman Book 2020Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer

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Immunohistochemical Staining of Influenza Virus in Tissuesn of the virus in infected tissues and the correlation with the histopathological changes observed. In this chapter, the materials and procedures for performing immunohistochemical detection of influenza virus antigens in tissues using a biotin–streptavidin detection method are provided. The techniq

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Antigenic Cartography: Overview and Current Developmentsing on a map, by quantifying raw data from hemagglutination inhibition assays. As a consequence, the antigenic drift of influenza viruses over time can be visualized in a straightforward manner. Antigenic cartography is not only useful in the research of influenza virus evolution but also in the sur

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Complete Genome Sequencing of Influenza A Viruses Using Next-Generation Sequencingows for deep sequencing to characterize virus populations, efficient complete genome sequencing, and a non-sequence-dependent method to identify viral variants. There are numerous approaches to preparing samples for NGS and subsequent data processing methods that can be applied to influenza A sequen

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A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virusen recognized in domestic poultry through the modern era of poultry production. Infection of poultry with either low pathogenic (LP) or highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can result in substantial economic consequences. Productivity can be reduced directly and indirectly because o

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Wild Bird Surveillance for Avian Influenza VirusBirds in orders Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are considered the natural reservoirs for all AI viruses; it is from these orders that AI viruses have been most frequently isolated. Since first recognized in the late 1800s, AI viruses have been an important cause of disease in poultry and, occasion

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Avian Influenza Virus RNA Extractionof virus in clinical samples, virus gene cloning and expression, gene sequencing, or quantification of avian influenza (AI) virus by molecular methods from experimentally infected birds. Samples can generally be divided into two types: enriched (e.g., virus stocks) and non-enriched (e.g., clinical).

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Avian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation by Real-Time RT-PCR, outbreaks and research. Some of the advantages of rRT-PCR are high sensitivity, high specificity, rapid time to result, scalability, cost, and its inherently quantitative nature. Furthermore, rRT-PCR can be used with numerous sample types and is less expensive than virus isolation in chicken embry

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