Titlebook: Animal Influenza Virus; Methods and Protocol Erica Spackman Book 2020Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer

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Cláudia P. Ferreira,Wesley A.C Godoy results can be obtained within a few hours. Historically, the HI assay has also served as a primary method of subtype identification and is still used widely. However, as gene sequencing technology has evolved to be cheaper and faster, it is replacing the HI assay for this purpose.

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Raphaël Didier,Thomas Lagoarde-Segotg the antigenic distances between a vaccine strain and circulating strains, an informed decision can be made on whether the distances are large enough to warrant a vaccine update or not. Recent improvements in antigenic cartography calculations have significantly improved its accuracy.

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Ecological Notes on Wall Vegetationc variability of AIV may decrease sensitivity and increases the chances of a false negative result with novel strains. This chapter will provide an overview of the USDA-validated rRT-PCR procedure for the detection of type A influenza.

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Ecological Notes on Wall Vegetation agent is isolated in culture, the presence of influenza viruses can be confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition assay, antigen immunoassay, agar gel immunodiffusion assay, or RT-PCR. Finally, ECEs may be used to propagate and titrate an avian influenza virus.

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Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay results can be obtained within a few hours. Historically, the HI assay has also served as a primary method of subtype identification and is still used widely. However, as gene sequencing technology has evolved to be cheaper and faster, it is replacing the HI assay for this purpose.

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Plasmid-Based Reverse Genetics of Influenza A Virus. In this chapter, the cloning of cDNA copies of IAV’s RNA segments into a reverse genetics plasmid vector, the experimental procedures for studying viral polymerase activity, and the successful generation of recombinant IAVs are described.

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Avian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation by Real-Time RT-PCRc variability of AIV may decrease sensitivity and increases the chances of a false negative result with novel strains. This chapter will provide an overview of the USDA-validated rRT-PCR procedure for the detection of type A influenza.

ARCH

Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration in Embryonated Chicken Eggs agent is isolated in culture, the presence of influenza viruses can be confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition assay, antigen immunoassay, agar gel immunodiffusion assay, or RT-PCR. Finally, ECEs may be used to propagate and titrate an avian influenza virus.