Titlebook: Walled Towns and the Shaping of France; From the Medieval to Michael Wolfe Book 2009 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Nature America Inc.

GIBE

Capetian Expansion and New Urbanism, 1225–1325ps or old lordly .. Yet as competition among feudatory rulers continued, and more brutal, large-scale forms of warfare visited new horrors on communities, towns began to invest more heavily in massive stone walls and towers for security. In time, the great age of cathedrals gave way to the hard time

eucalyptus

谆谆教诲

Royal Rulers and Bastioned Townseadily moved from the . to the crown. Renewed economic and demographic growth after 1500 saw many towns simply outgrow their walled confines.. As in the thirteenth century, older towns expanded and new ones were founded, such as Brouage on the Atlantic coast and Navarrins in the Pyrenees, after 1470

animated

Terrace

Walled Towns during the Wars of Religionwith Huguenot towns resumed and only ended after a series of sieges that redefined relations between those towns and the crown. While the . sought at first to refortify their walls, they faced with the eventual establishment of peace a monarchy committed to tearing them down.

Complement

fastness

Transfusion

flimsy

Inveterate

Conclusion Palimpsests and Modern Trajectories. At the outset of World War I, the French government declared Lille a . the hope of sparing its destruction. It worked, thus nullifying the massive efforts over the past two centuries to make it France’s bulwark of the north. Ports such as Rochefort began to tear down their early modern fortificati