Titlebook: Vitreoretinal Surgery; Thomas H. Williamson Textbook 2021Latest edition The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive l

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Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy,which have been present for weeks or months are likely to develop PVR. At presentation the rate of PVR in all patients with RRD varies depending on the ease of access to health care, where prompt surgery is available PVR rates of 5% are expected; however, where there is delay in receiving surgery PV

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Macular Pucker and Vitreomacular Traction, macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy. It is postulated that the PVD damages the internal limiting membrane stimulating microglial cells proliferation and fibrosis [1, 2]. Some ERMs have the vitreous attached, however. Myofibroblastic activity may be present [3] and may be commoner in younger pa

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Diabetic Retinopathy 2,solidated by collagen synthesis. The tangential traction results initially in folding of the inner retinal layers (internal limiting membrane and nerve fibre layer) and can then progress to traction retinal detachment.

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Other Vascular Disorders, retinal detachment from the pathological separation of the vitreous. The most common is severe diabetic retinopathy but also retinal vein occlusion, sickle cell retinopathy and retinal vasculitis (Fig. 16.1).

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Trauma,y aged less than 30 years, and trauma is often associated with alcohol and illicit drug usage [1]. In the elderly, males and females are equally involved [2]. Incidence has been estimated as 3:10000 of the population [3, 4]. Severe injuries account for 5% of all eye injuries [5]. Aetiology is variab

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Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy,R rates are much higher, e.g. 53% in South America [1] and 17.5% in East Africa [2]. Failed surgery increases the risk of postoperative PVR which has been reported in 5% of RRDs with U tears, 18% with paravascular tears, and 25% of giant retinal tears [3].