Titlebook: Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology; Veterinary Public He Krishna Gopal Narayan,Dharmendra Kumar Sinha,Dhire Book 2023 The Editor(s) (i

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978-981-19-7802-9The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapor

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Data in Epidemiology,ogether for reference or information’ (Anonymous 1989). These data may relate to clinical signs, therapy, post-mortem and laboratory examinations, etc. A collection of data is called a .. The initial measurements that form the basis of analysis are called ..

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Measurement of Causal Association,ally feasible. It is not sufficient that the association is statistically significant. It has to be logical. Chance, bias, and confounding associations have to be excluded. The common criteria are as follows:

SYN

synovium

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Epidemiology,ften changed the course of history. The science of epidemiology has taken birth from human curiosity to learn more and more about epidemics. Epidemiology has varied applications and is an important discipline, which forms the very core of all investigational studies. Its interest extends beyond the

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Causation of Disease,ng and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. In the case of animals, a working definition has been proposed by Thaplyal and Misra (1996): ‘animal health is a state of physical, physiological and behavioural wellbeing of animals, which lead to maximum possible levels of production, draught