Titlebook: Updates on Myopia; A Clinical Perspecti Marcus Ang,Tien Y. Wong Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 Open

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Correction to: Optical Interventions for Myopia Control,

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Introduction and Overview on Myopia: A Clinical Perspective,e the burden of pathologic myopia when they reach adulthood. Public policy to increase outdoor activity in school-going children, lens-related strategies such as orthokeratology and defocus lenses, and pharmacologic intervention in the form of low-dose atropine form the main thrusts of the fight aga

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The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia,ical, cosmetic, practical and financial factors. Treatments such as orthokeratology contact lenses, soft bifocal contact lenses, and topical pharmaceutical agents such as low dose atropine are currently most effective, with differing implications for personal finances and quality of life.

Introduction

Understanding Myopia: Pathogenesis and Mechanisms,iated with changes in axial length (mainly due to changes in vitreous chamber depth) and choroidal thickness. These experimentally induced ocular changes quickly revert to normal upon removal of the imposed optical treatment. Physiological changes in retinal cells and neurotransmitters (such as dopa

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Risk Factors for Myopia: Putting Causal Pathways into a Social Context, in future studies on risk factors, mediation analysis needs to be used systematically. In the case of school myopia, we argue that there are two major environmental risk factors, with a limited role for genetic variation and minimal interactions. We propose a method for comparing the impact of iden

时代

Understanding Pathologic Myopia,ches such as intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and the vitreoretinal surgeries for myopic macular retinoschisis have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with pathologic myopia. In the future, therapies targeting staphylomas are expected.

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Imaging in Myopia, aberrations, focusing ability of current devices, and morphological alterations of the myopic fundus and optic nerve. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of each of these imaging modalities in relation to high myopia have been discussed. An understanding of the imaging of microstructural changes

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