Titlebook: Updates on Myopia; A Clinical Perspecti Marcus Ang,Tien Y. Wong Book‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 Open

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The Genetics of Myopia,luencing retinal signaling, eye growth and the normal process of emmetropization. The genetic architecture and its molecular mechanisms are still to be clarified and while genetic risk score prediction models are improving, this knowledge must be expanded to have impact on clinical practice.

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Introduction and Overview on Myopia: A Clinical Perspective,ic health and socioeconomic problem with significant geographic variation in its prevalence. Pathologic myopia, an extreme form of myopia characterized by sight-threatening complications in adults, has become a major cause of blindness or visual impairment in both Asian and Western populations. The

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Global Epidemiology of Myopia,population-based studies on children, the prevalence of myopia varies highly between East Asian populations and other clusters, with generally lower prevalence in rural areas than in urban areas. These geographic and/or ethnic differences can be explained by genetic and/or environmental factors, as

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The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia,e including educational and occupational activities. The annual direct cost of myopia correction for Asian adults has been estimated at US $328 billion/annum. The cost of care is also likely to increase significantly, exacerbated by an even greater increase in the prevalence of high myopia. High myo

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Understanding Myopia: Pathogenesis and Mechanisms,research, the mechanisms underlying the development of myopia are unknown. A large body of work on animal models (such as chicks, guinea pigs, and monkeys) has been instrumental to our understanding of visually guided ocular growth, and potential mechanisms leading to myopia. These studies have show

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Risk Factors for Myopia: Putting Causal Pathways into a Social Context,ial myopia account for myopia in around 1% of any population. “School myopia”, the most common form in most modern societies, is also influenced by genetic factors, but changes in environmental risk factors appear to be responsible for the major increases in the prevalence of myopia in some parts of

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Prevention of Myopia Onset,ia correction and the management of pathological myopia. Delaying the onset of myopia will likely reduce the prevalence of myopia as well as high myopia in school-aged children. Prevention of the onset of myopia is therefore an important priority. This chapter focuses on the clinical strategy to pre

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