Titlebook: Structure Determination by X-Ray Crystallography; M. F. C. Ladd,R. A. Palmer Book 1985 Springer-Verlag US 1985 X-ray crystallography.chemi

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Methods in X-Ray Structure Analysis. II,In this chapter, we shall introduce Fourier series and show how they are used in structure analysis. This discussion leads naturally to the Patterson function and the very important heavy-atom and isomorphous replacement techniques for solving the phase problem.

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Direct Methods and Refinement,In this chapter we shall consider direct (phase probability) methods of solving the phase problem, and certain other techniques which are usually involved in the overall investigation of crystal and molecular structure.

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Examples of Crystal Structure Analysis,In this final chapter we wish to draw together, by means of two actual examples, material presented earlier in the book. It may be desirable for the reader to refer back to the previous chapters for descriptions of the techniques used, since we shall present here mainly the results obtained at each stage.

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M. F. C. Ladd,R. A. Palmerh as fluctuations and dissipation. The methodology part explores new rigorous ways to formulate mixed quantum-classical dynamics in many dimensions, along with 978-3-642-43617-8978-3-540-34460-5Series ISSN 0172-6218 Series E-ISSN 2364-9003

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M. F. C. Ladd,R. A. Palmerrce, • Maxwell’s electromagnetic force, • the strong force between elementary particles, and • the weak force between elementary particles (e.g., the force responsible for the radioactive decay of atoms). In the 20th century, physicists established two basic models, namely, • the Standard Model in cosmol978-3-662-50094-1978-3-540-34764-4