Titlebook: Strengthening International Regimes; The Case of Radiatio Daniel Serwer Book 2024 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under ex

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,War Enlarges and Enriches Medical Radiology, 1912–18,nd their patients. The War also pushed and pulled some physicists into medical radiology and some physicians to improve their understanding of physics, especially in the German-language academic world. Those career shifts would prove important to radiation measurements (dosimetry) and radiation prot

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,X-Ray Measurements and Radium Protection Catch Up, 1914–22,acted to work published abroad. Likewise, the various national and local professional organizations concerned with X-rays and radium followed the others’ proceedings and sometimes reacted with similar efforts on dosimetry and protection. But there were still no international norms on these issues, w

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,Establishment of International Norms, 1922–40,not always followed, nationally and internationally, by the beginning of World War II. The basis of the recommendations was the idea of a “tolerance dose,” which assumed a threshold for the effects of ionizing radiation on human beings. But even before World War II it was known that there was no thr

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,War Generates Radioactive and Political Fallout, 1939–1965,l institutions on NCRP and ICRP prerogatives, incentivized tightened norms intended to maintain their norm-setting dominance. The international radiation protection regime strengthened, though not in the ways some of its most fervent advocates advocated. Ford Foundation funding for the ICRP, and in

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,Tightening Norms Again and Opening to the Public, 1965–2023,f lengthy radiation exposure would cause not only genetic effects but also cancer. The tightened norms would find acceptance not only in countries with technical capability and presence in the ICRP, but elsewhere as well. Universal application of norms continued to rely not on legal requirements or

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,What Radiation Protection Suggests About Other Issues, 1990–Present,risks and benefits. Where such epistemic groups do not emerge, adversarial processes dominate. They make it far harder to reach reasonable outcomes that protect people and the environment as well as the technological enterprises that generate risks. Use of epistemic groups of global experts for non-

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Daniel Serwering depends on the creation of new knowledge for the adults who are making the decisions. This new knowledge will change the kinds of policies that are set, how leaders work in districts and schools, how teachers engage with students in their classrooms and how students interact with one another.

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