Titlebook: Standard of Living; Essays on Economics, Patrick Gray,Joshua Hall,Javier Silvestre Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s

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Family Allocation Strategy in the Late Nineteenth Century,at we should find allocation differences by gender. Using a large survey of industrial households in the late nineteenth century, I find no evidence of gender bias in household allocations to children, nor can I reject the hypothesis that allocations were efficient. These findings cannot be explaine

背心

Child Labor and Industrialization in Early Republican Turkey,tors that shaped child labor. Evaluating the Turkish experience of child labor within a broader, international context, the present study argues that capitalist development had an overall adverse effect on working-class children despite the official rhetoric that the nation owed to its children the

解决

Orphans, Widows, and the Economics of the Early Church, the demography of orphans and widows in the Greco-Roman world and considers how the economic ramifications of these realities in early Christian communities can help interpreters make sense of otherwise opaque biblical texts.

Instrumental

An Economic Approach to Religious Communes: The Shakers, E. Murray wrote the first economic analysis of the Shakers in his Ph.D. dissertation in 1992. Proposing that Shaker membership and prospective entrants responded to the incentives created by the difference between Shaker and worldly living standards, he developed a model of community formation and

1FAWN

Religion, Human Capital, and Economic Diversity in Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel,majority Protestant, and 13% were majority Catholic. Only 23% of Hessian villages and towns, however, were home to Jews, who typically made up less than 10% of the inhabitants in these places. Still, we find that Jews made up 2.6% of the principality, a larger percentage than has been estimated for

衍生

,Productivity, Mortality, and Technology in European and US Coal Mining, 1800–1913,on of the coal industry as, to a high degree, technologically stagnant throughout the long nineteenth century. Macro-inventions, or general-purpose technologies, in fact, appeared at either end of the period. Steam power to drive water pumps and shaft elevators was introduced in the eighteenth centu

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,Breathing Apparatus for Mine Rescue in the UK, 1890s–1920s,entieth centuries. Inspired in some respects by diving gear, the apparatus was used in mine rescue work and operations to recover mines after an explosion. The chapter focuses on the network of mining engineers, academics and businesses involved in the design and improvement of mine rescue apparatus

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