Titlebook: Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements; Thomas Foken Book 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 atmospheric measurements.in-situ

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Introduction to Atmospheric Measurementsy, low heat capacity, and transparency to a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum) and the fact that the air is almost always in (often turbulent) motion. The vertical and horizontal distributions of meteorological elements and the spatial and temporal scales of processes strongly influence the

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Principles of Measurementscal background for measurements and signal processing. This chapter covers the most important themes of the third aspect as well as some notes on international conventions. After a short historical overview, the general theoretical principles of measurements are described. This includes the concept

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Standardization in Atmospheric Measurementsite for the application of uniform criteria, and prevent distortion of competition. Standards also facilitate trade and provide governments with technical support. Standards developing organizations provide a forum for cooperation and consensus utilizing expert knowledge. This chapter first broadly

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Ground-Based Platformsiables, atmospheric composition, or more broadly the properties of the land or ocean surface. These platforms can be masts or towers with a wide range of heights and shapes; they can also be buoys and ships..Starting in the nineteenth century, ground-based atmospheric measurement platforms were need

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Temperature Sensorsmeters, and the most commonly used instruments: resistance thermometers. Radiation shields and ventilation are important for minimizing erroneous results. Fine-wire thermometers and sonic temperature measurement are important techniques for turbulence measurements. In addition to providing technical

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Humidity Sensorscal instruments, and also those based on thermodynamic properties of moist air. Current sensor technology is mostly based on the psychrometric method, dewpoint measurements, and optical measurements, as well as capacitive sensors. Of special interest are the psychrometric theory and the theory of op

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Wind Sensorsto measure the wind vector. Wind direction measurements are also performed using wind vanes. Sonic anemometers are the devices most commonly used for turbulence measurements. Hot-wire anemometers are employed for special measurements, and Pitot tubes are utilized for aircraft-based measurements. It