Titlebook: Somatic Diversification of Immune Responses; Garnett Kelsoe,Martin F. Flajnik Book 1998 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), u

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Affinity Maturation of the Primary Response by V Gene Diversification,the course of the response (. and . 1964; . and . 1969). Indeed, the affinity of serum antibody for antigen in the late stages of the primary response is often equal to that of the secondary or memory response. The basis of high-affinity memory responses is well understood; V gene somatic hyper-muta

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Somatic Mutagenesis and Evolution of Memory B Cells,ion of phylogeny, somatic evolution in vertebrate immunity is an accelerated version of the evolutionary algorithm that shaped complex life forms on this planet. Somatic evolution has adopted cardinal features of classical evolution, even at a high level of resolution. If “survival of the fittest” i

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Clone: A Monte-Carlo Computer Simulation of B Cell Clonal Expansion, Somatic Mutation, and Antigen-ate (. et al. 1984; . et al. 1985). Somatic diversity results from the sequential accumulation of such mutations (. et al. 1985; . et al. 1984; . and . 1986; . et al. 1991b). These mutations, and selection of them by Ag, have important consequences for the kinetics, quality, and size of the resultin

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Somatic Mutation in Ectothermic Vertebrates: Musings on Selection and Origins,trated by either a total lack of affinity maturation in some species or a much lower rise in affinity in others (reviewed in . 1993). When it was determined that all ectotherms studied possess large numbers of V(D)J genes, and that rearrangement processes to establish Ig repertoires are essentially

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es and novelties in their molecular biology. Very little regard has been given to the fact that the ., which includes all methanogens (Balch, et al., 1979) are, nevertheless, prokaryotes. They . single-celled microorganisms with a nucleus (genome) that is a single circular DNA molecule not separated

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D. B. Winter,N. Sattar,P. J. Gearhartsis. In 1876, Hoppe-Seyler demonstrated that sewage sludge produced methane when amended with acetate. Later, Hoppe-Seyler (1887) showed that enrichment cultures converted the substrate to equimolar amounts of methane and carbon dioxide. Nearly 40 years later, Söehngen (1906) described Gram-negative