Titlebook: Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Prediction; Kanya Kusano Book 2023 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licens

enterprise

Space Radiationhe recent advance in trapped radiation research. The importance of nonlinear wave–particle interactions is shown, which cause enhancements and loss of trapped electron flux. Several forecast efforts on the trapped radiation are also reviewed in this chapter.

HARD

羞辱

Prediction of Solar Stormsrms. First, we explain our understanding of the formation and structure of flare-productive solar active regions and subsequently discuss the predictions of solar flares, CMEs, and solar energetic particles (SEPs).

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Nonconformist

Geomagnetic Variability and GICdes. GIC are hazardous when flowing largely in power grids, pipelines, and cable networks for telecommunication. In this chapter, generation mechanism of GIC, a brief review on the observation of GIC worldwide, and magnetic disturbances that result in the intensification of GIC are reviewed.

Compassionate

Initial

Eleven-Year Cycle of Solar Magnetic Activity: Observations, Theories, and Numerical Model Predictionobserved, for example, the Maunder Minimum in the seventeenth century. The prediction of the amplitude of the forthcoming cycle has been done mostly empirically in the past, but this topic was also studied recently by numerical simulations.

DENT

Social Impacts of Space Weatherejections (CMEs). These phenomena have different velocities, arrive on the vicinity of the Earth with different time, and affect social activities in each arrival time. This is the essential fact for understanding space weather impact on social activities.

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Impact of Space Weather on Various Fieldser, satellite operation, radiation exposure onboard aircraft, and atmospheric drag on satellites are discussed. Each section includes introduction of the impact mechanism itself, specific impact cases, and recent developments of their prediction models.

附录

Introduction of Space Weather Research on Magnetosphere and Ionosphere of the Earthong-distance communication, and various space experiments. Therefore, the space weather in this area has the most impact on human activities. In the space around the Earth, the geomagnetic field expands to form the magnetosphere, and the atmosphere of the Earth is partly ionized to produce a plasma,