Titlebook: Single-Channel Recording; Bert Sakmann,Erwin Neher Book 1995Latest edition Springer Science+Business Media New York 1995 cells.channel.ima

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Low-Noise Recordinge low-pass filtering. An increase of the recording bandwidth is therefore possible only if the background noise in the recording system is reduced. The background noise is determined in a complex manner by a number of individual noise sources. If these noise sources are uncorrelated, the standard de

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Voltage Offsets in Patch-Clamp Experimentsh as amplifier input offsets; some are variable, such as liquid junction potentials, depending on ionic conditions. Some arise in the external circuit (i.e., in the patch pipette, in the experimental chamber, or at the silver chloride electrodes), and some arise in the patch-clamp amplifier. Typical

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Techniques for Membrane Capacitance Measurementsn important topic of research for many years. The understanding of early events in the cascade in excitable cells, whereby an external signal evokes an electrical response mediated by ion channels, has certainly been revolutionized by the development of the patch-clamp technique. Extensions of the t

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Patch-Pipette Recordings from the Soma, Dendrites, and Axon of Neurons in Brain Slices properties of neurons and the analysis of synaptic transmission between neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). This is because in brain slices neurons remain healthy, and their connections are preserved to a certain extent while at the same time technical problems encountered in . experiments

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Patch Clamp and Calcium Imaging in Brain Slicescentration in single cells in brain slice preparations (Llano .., 1991; Kano .., 1992; Konnerth .., 1992; Schneggenburger .., 1993a,b). Additional details of the patch-clamp technique in brain slices and of the different procedures for fluorometric ion measurements are given in other chapters (Chapt

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Fast Application of Agonists to Isolated Membrane Patchesles with the presynaptic membrane. Subsequently, the transmitter diffuses to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic density, binds to them, and thereby causes channel activation. Unfortunately, we have estimates neither of the exact amount of transmitter in the synaptic vesicle nor of the con

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Electrochemical Detection of Secretion from Single Cellse cells. We start with a brief review of the history of their application to single cells. Then we focus on basic principles. The remainder of the chapter concerns how to make measurements and how to analyze the results.

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Technical Approaches to Studying Specific Properties of Ion Channels in Plants and ligand-activated K. channels, anion channels, and nonselective channel types that constitute the basis for a wide spectrum of plant-specific functions essential to circumventing the inability to move (for review see Hedrich and Schroeder, 1989; Hedrich .., 1994; Schroeder .., 1994). These funct

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