Titlebook: Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction; C. J. Leeuwen,J. L. M. Hermens Book 19951st edition Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 19

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conservative

Ecotoxicological Effects,ts are changes in the state or dynamics of an organism, or at other levels of biological organization, resulting from exposure to a chemical. These levels may include the subcellular level, the cellular level, tissues, individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems, and finally, landscapes. Th

AUGUR

Properties of Chemicals and Estimation Methodologies,rameters including information on sorption to soil and sediment, bioaccumulation in organisms, evaporation and transformation rates, etc. (see Chapters 3 and 4). It is clear, however, that because the required data for most chemicals are not available for either fate or effect concentrations, risk a

cogitate

Procedures of Hazard and Risk Assessment,metimes as medicines, too. The first decrees on environmental pollution, such as bans on burning certain coals or on dumping waste in canals, were issued a few centuries ago with the intention of improving human well-being. Real public awareness of the impact of certain substances on species other t

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micals. Many reports parties involved in chemical safety and to provide policy have been published by national authorities, industries guidance with emphasis on regional and subregional co­ and scientific researchers as well as by international bod­ operation. The Inter-Organization Programme for th

结束

Book 19951st editionny reports parties involved in chemical safety and to provide policy have been published by national authorities, industries guidance with emphasis on regional and subregional co­ and scientific researchers as well as by international bod­ operation. The Inter-Organization Programme for the ies such

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同义联想法

General Introduction, the European Communities (EC) and similar activities are taking place in other parts of the world, e.g., the U.S., Canada and Japan [11–14]. Most of these developments would not have occurred without the contributions of many individual scientists and their organizations.

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Transport, Accumulation and Transformation Processes,ardous compounds are formed during degradation. Usually, toxic effects only occur when chemicals are inside organisms. Therefore, understanding the uptake of chemicals (also called bioaccumulation) is of the utmost importance in risk assessment.

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Emissions of Chemicals,ent) with . (the highest concentration at which no effects are expected to occur on organisms or ecological systems). This chapter deals with the release (emissions) of substances into the environment, eventually leading to exposure.