Titlebook: Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Selected Systemic Diseases; J. Fernando Arévalo Book 2013 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Au

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玩忽职守

Intraocular Lymphoma,osis. Combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy has improved median survival to 40 months, but at the cost of late neurocognitive complications in patients older than 50 years of age. Preliminary trials of intravitreal chemotherapy and biological therapy are encouraging.

身体萌芽

Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of HIV/AIDS, new challenges, such as immune recovery uveitis (IRU). Ocular disorders associated with HIV disease remain important problems in the world, despite HAART, and increasingly are more significant and frequent. The approach to diagnosis and management of different pathological presentations at the posterior pole is very important.

射手座

Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE),ular and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The ophthalmologist may play an important role in the care of patients with SLE since ocular inflammatory lesions may precede potentially serious extraocular disease.

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凹槽

Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Fungal Diseases,prosthetic devices. Despite their ubiquitous nature, only a limited number of fungal species produce infections of the eye, and an even smaller number cause fungal retinitis or endophthalmitis. The major causes of fungal retinitis are .species, .species, ., ., ., ., and ..

歹徒

Choroidal and Retinal Metastasis,d other sites (4%). Metastases are unilateral in 76% of cases and bilateral in 24%. Patient prognosis is poor, and those with metastatic skin melanoma or lung carcinoma typically show survival less than 1 year. Those with metastases from breast cancer show survival of 65% at 1 year, 34% at 3 years, and 24% at 5 years.

种族被根除

,Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease,uveal tract, skin, central nervous system, and inner ear. A genetic predisposition has been suggested. Patients have no history of ocular trauma and no clinical or laboratory evidence of other ocular or systemic disease. Therapy includes early, high doses of systemic steroids. Immunomodulatory therapy has also been used with good results.

GIBE

Retinal and Choroidal Manifestations of Viral Diseases,an immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and West Nile virus. The predominant causes of viral retinitis and choroiditis are viruses of the Herpesviridae family. Classic findings of infection include vitritis, periarteritis, necrotizing retinitis, and optic neuropathy.

大气层

Autoimmune Retinopathy and Paraneoplastic Syndromes, or systemic malignancy. This chapter will present the pathogenesis, diagnostic features, and management strategies for cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), and autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy (ARRON).