| 书目名称 | Researching Peace, Conflict, and Power in the Field | | 副标题 | Methodological Chall | | 编辑 | Yasemin Gülsüm Acar,Sigrun Marie Moss,Özden Melis | | 视频video | http://file.papertrans.cn/829/828115/828115.mp4 | | 概述 | Provides an extensive account of how people do conflict research in difficult contexts.Boasts a diverse range of scholars, researched cases, and research processes.Critically evaluates what it means t | | 丛书名称 | Peace Psychology Book Series | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This edited volume offers useful resources for researchers conducting fieldwork in various global conflict contexts, bringing together a range of international voices to relay important methodological challenges and opportunities from their experiences. The book provides an extensive account of how people do conflict research in difficult contexts, critically evaluating what it means to do research in the field and what the role of the researcher is in that context..Among the topics discussed:.Conceptualizing the interpreter in field interviews in post-conflict settings.Data collection with indigenous people.Challenges to implementation of social psychological interventions.Researching children and young people’s identity and social attitudes.Insider and outsider dynamics when doing research in difficult contexts.Working with practitioners and local organizations..Researching Peace, Conflict, and Power in the Field. .is a valuable guide for students and scholars interested in conflict research, social psychologists, and peace psychologists engaged in conflict-related fieldwork.. | | 出版日期 | Book 2020 | | 关键词 | Data collection with indigenous people; Fieldwork experiences from Chile; Research with refugees of co | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44113-5 | | isbn_softcover | 978-3-030-44115-9 | | isbn_ebook | 978-3-030-44113-5Series ISSN 2197-5779 Series E-ISSN 2197-5787 | | issn_series | 2197-5779 | | copyright | Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 |
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Front Matter |
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Abstract
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,Introduction, |
Yasemin Gülsüm Acar,Sigrun Marie Moss,Özden Melis Uluğ |
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Abstract
In social psychology, fieldwork is fairly uncommon, and fieldwork in conflict settings or contexts marked by power hierarchies even more so. There is, therefore, limited methodological reflection on the issues involved in such research (as opposed to disciplines such as sociology and anthropology; see for example Höglund and Öberg 2011; Thomson et al. 2013). In this introduction chapter we provide how the idea behind this edited volume started, discuss the messiness of fieldwork in general as well as explain how we found the contributors. We see this volume as a first step in our work on raising the profile of field research in social psychology and plan to work diligently to include in further work the contexts and experiences of others who are missing here.
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Conducting Field Research Amid Violence: Experiences From Colombia |
Laura K. Taylor,Manuela Nilsson,Paola Forero,Maria Angelica Restrepo |
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Abstract
Conducting research in violent environments poses particular challenges for researchers and participants. The current chapter explores factors that influence field research in Colombia prior to and immediately following the peace accord in 2016, which formally ended the country’s 50-year conflict between the government and the country’s largest guerrilla group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (after its Spanish abbreviation FARC). The authors include Colombian and international researchers, practitioners, and academics and offer three proposals. First, working in violent contexts demands that the research is flexible and responds to the participants’ voices and needs. This type of research may be particularly coherent with Participatory Action Research (PAR), which explicitly recognizes the power and agency of local actors who navigate conflict issues on a daily basis. Second, we demonstrate how ongoing violence poses obstacles, offers opportunities, and shapes each phase of investigation, such as research design and data collection. For example, we discuss how to select regions to study that are safe for the team and for participants to engage in research. Relatedly, a
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Keepers of Local Know-How in Conflict: Conversations Between Research Assistant and Researcher |
Sigrun Marie Moss,Hajj Mohammed Hajj |
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Abstract
In settings where the researcher is an outsider, it is common to have to rely on a research assistant for translations, for practical help, and for organizing the fieldwork. In conducting extensive research in Zanzibar with only a moderate understanding of Swahili, Moss relied on research assistant Hajj for extensive periods of time. Drawing on our work together, but also on our work with other researchers/research assistants, in this chapter we together discuss the role of research assistants, the benefits and the challenges faced by research assistants and researchers. Local research assistants are keepers of local know-how in conflict, and are thus in several settings simultaneously the expert . the assistant. This balancing act will be discussed.
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Conceptualizing the Interpreter in Field Interviews in Post-Conflict Settings: Reflections From Psyc |
Inger Skjelsbæk |
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Abstract
Interviews with an interpreter in foreign language fieldwork settings are not adequately addressed in the methodical literature in peace psychology. The methodological literature within psychology does not provide needed insights on how to tackle the issue of interpreters. The following chapter is an attempt to untangle some of the methodological and theoretical concerns this situation entails. The starting point of the analysis is the qualitative research interview and discusses what the methodological challenges and theoretical opportunities data gathering through interviews with the help of interpreters might entail. My aim is to show how we can understand the role of the interpreter in this particular setting and make the assets and concerns with the use of interpreters visible. The reflections that follow are based on my own experiences with interpreters in many interview settings since 2001 up until today, and they include discussions about foreign words and contexts, translations of words and situations, as well as power dynamics.
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Doing Research on Turkish-Armenian Relations in Turkey, Armenia, and the Armenian Diaspora: The Chal |
Mehmet Karasu,Özden Melis Uluğ |
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Abstract
Doing field research in contexts involving intergroup conflict entails practical, ethical and methodological challenges. Therefore, it is crucial for researchers to be prepared for those challenges before going to the field. We believe reflecting on potential challenges by taking one’s positions (e.g., being an insider and outsider in different contexts) in intergroup conflict into account beforehand may be a good start for doing successful field research. As new challenges may occur while in the field, reflecting on one’s own positions both during and after the fieldwork is also necessary. While there is literature on these challenges in different social science fields, little is known about opportunities that may occur in fieldwork. In this chapter, we, as Turkish researchers, aim to discuss challenges as well as opportunities that occurred in our fieldwork on Turkish-Armenian relations in Turkey, Armenia, and in the U.S. The challenges include (a) building trusting relationships between researchers and participants, (b) security of researchers and participants, and (c) censorship against researchers and self-censorship. The opportunities include (a) building trusting relationshi
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Confronting Conflicting Attitudes About Racial Bias in the United States: How Communicator Identitie |
Keith B. Maddox,Chelsea S. Crittle,Samuel R. Sommers,Linda R. Tropp |
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Abstract
Racial majority and minority groups in the United States often differ in the extent to which they believe that racial bias—including stereotyping, expressions of prejudice, and discrimination— has and continues to influence the opportunities and outcomes of individuals and communities across a wide variety of domains. Communication and dialogue between members of different racial groups is often considered an effective method to combat bias. Through dialogue, members of groups in conflict can learn about relevant issues, seek to understand each other’s perspectives and work together toward productive solutions. However, for a variety of reasons, people from different racial groups are often reluctant to initiate interracial dialogue to discuss racial bias, and often these discussions end with each “side” feeling unheard, misunderstood, rejected, and unlikely to make future attempts to engage. This conflict is present within a variety of organizations that seek to understand and address the challenges and opportunities associated with a diverse workplace. In this chapter, four scholars—a Black woman, a White woman, a Black man, and a White man—team up to discuss insights from their
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Data Collection With Indigenous People: Fieldwork Experiences From Chile |
Ana Figueiredo,Carolina Rocha,Pietro Montagna |
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Abstract
At present, the Mapuche are the largest indigenous group living in Chile and, up until the present day, they are considered a disadvantaged group in Chilean society in terms of poverty, education and discrimination indicators. In recent decades, this group has been involved in a violent conflict with the Chilean state, forestry and hydroelectric industries and big landowners due mainly to territorial claims of the ancestral land that is currently inhabited and exploited by these different actors. In the present chapter, we narrate the process of data collection with indigenous participants within the framework of a three-year long project about representations of history and present-day intergroup relations between the Mapuche and the non-indigenous majority in Chile. We focus on the challenges that data collection involved by highlighting the process of participant recruitment and trust issues revolving around data collection, as well as retribution practices. Moreover, we also highlight the pros and cons of having non-indigenous Chilean and international researchers conducting fieldwork in this context. Another aspect we address is how methodological approaches may influence the
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On the Borders: Research with Refugees of Conflict |
Khalifah Alfadhli,John Drury |
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Abstract
This chapter overviews an eight-months long ethnography with Syrian refugees in an urban setting near the northern borders of Jordan. The aim was to explore how crossing borders is not just a process of moving from risk to safety, but changes how people see themselves and others. Specifically, the aim was to capture features of the refugees’ community formation in exile, where the previous borders between social groups start to diminish and new borders arise to bring together those who struggle together. Through this chapter, the first author will discuss his own experiences as a person from the Middle East, with previous experience with armed conflict, but still struggling to navigate fieldwork in ways that might be unexpected to foreigners to the region. The ethnography took place from September 2015 to May 2016 in Irbid city by the borders, in a neighborhood known as “Dara’a,” named after the Syrian region that the refugee residents come from, which hosts more than 130,000 Syrian refugees. The first author had the chance to embed himself in the neighborhood by volunteering to teach in a school and lived next to this neighborhood. This overview of the fieldwork experience will in
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Taking Sides With Swedish Protesters: Gaining and Maintaining Trust in the Field |
Sara Vestergren,John Drury |
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Abstract
Researching protests and activism can contain various challenges, even more so when then the researcher embeds themselves in the protest context. Based on an ethnographic study of an environmental campaign in Sweden we will in this chapter discuss the challenges and risks the first author faced when collecting longitudinal interview and observational data. More specifically, we discuss challenges and risks related to gaining access to a protest setting, gaining access to people, gaining access to stories, maintaining access and trust, and becoming vulnerable and at risk in the field. In particular we discuss advantages, and risks, of the researcher taking sides and positioning themselves on one side of the conflict. We argue that, in the study of the Swedish environmental campaign, taking sides made us better positioned to give a more accurate account of the campaign and campaign participants through understanding the context and phenomena. We will also suggest that taking sides and becoming part of the group – sharing identity – can in some studies increase the researcher’s safety while in the field. We highlight the need for continuous negotiations and consideration while in the
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Field Research on Collective Victimization in the Indian Subcontinent: Challenges and Strategies for |
Rashmi Nair,Sramana Majumdar |
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Abstract
Although fieldwork is not uncommon in social psychological research on the consequences of collective victimization for intergroup peace and violence, the bulk of this work has focused on the global North. Further, there is a scarcity of accounts by social psychologists regarding how they navigated the challenges of conducting fieldwork in developing nations, which are often marked by long-standing inequality and conflicts. Consequently, researchers working in the global South often draw on concepts that may not be relevant in these contexts. Additionally, they are left underprepared to tackle the difficulties that can arise during their fieldwork in these settings. Building on our field experiences in the Indian subcontinent, in this chapter, we share various challenges that are relevant for different stages of research: (1) the preparation stage, (2) the conceptualization and design stage, (3) the data collection stage, (4) the analysis stage, and (5) the writing and dissemination stage. Furthermore, we suggest some strategies to navigate these challenges sensitively. We hope this chapter can inform and aid the work of field researchers working on similar issues in developing con
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Kurdish Alevis in the Turkish-Kurdish Peace Process: Reflections on Conducting Research in Turkey’s |
Yasemin Gülsüm Acar |
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on conducting research in the buffer zone of a conflict and is based on fieldwork I conducted in 2014 on the perceptions of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict and peace process among Kurdish Alevis. I was part of a research team collecting data in what is locally referred to as the buffer zone of the Kurdish conflict, as it is the region that borders the predominantly Kurdish region of the country and where most of the violence of the conflict occurred. At the same time, participants recognized their place in the conflict as a group that is both included and excluded at the same time. The research focuses on Kurdish Alevis, who are an ethnic minority as well as a religious minority in Turkey. As such, they are not fully accepted among Kurds, Alevis, or in Turkey as a whole. At a time when the government was making attempts at reconciliation, Alevis – and even Kurdish Alevis – felt left out of the process, and wondered what their role was in both the conflict and in peace negotiations. Through this chapter, I reflect on conducting research in a buffer zone, and discuss how multiple identities influence data collection, perceptions of conflict, and collective victimhoo
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Implementing Social-Psychological Interventions in the Field: Insights From the Israeli-Palestinian |
Roni Porat,Tamar Saguy |
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Despite the rapidly growing number of scholars actively studying conflict resolution, collaborations between academics and practitioners are scarce, with social psychology playing little to no role in the design of new field-based programs. In this chapter, we draw on our experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian context and suggest that one core reason for this disconnect is the laboratory nature of the majority of social psychological research. We outline the challenges to implementing interventions that were developed and tested solely in the laboratory, focusing on the limited samples that are available for laboratory research, the lack of focus on contextual factors, and the challenges in upscaling laboratory manipulations into field interventions. We then propose two steps that may be taken simultaneously to bridge this gap: (1) engaging with practitioners regularly and (2) increasing the visibility and accessibility of social psychological knowledge. Finally, we conclude with some remarks about the caution that is called for when distributing social psychological knowledge.
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Sense and Sensitivities: Researching Children and Young People’s Identity and Social Attitudes in a |
Stephanie Burns,Danielle Blaylock,Laura K. Taylor,Shelley McKeown |
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sensitivities and challenges that researchers need to be mindful of when carrying out identity-related quantitative research with children and young people in societies that have been impacted by conflict. Drawing from our own experience of multiple research studies, and from two case studies in particular, we share lessons learned regarding thoughtful and sensitive engagement with both gatekeepers and children and young people themselves at each stage of the research process. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the need for: in-depth preparation before fieldwork begins; flexibility and a ‘big-picture’ approach to research design; transparency; and careful use of categorizations.
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The Benefits and Challenges of Randomized Control Trials in Conflict Environments: Reflections From |
Rebecca Wolfe |
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A greater proportion of international aid spending is targeted towards conflict-affected and fragile environments. Concurrently, donors have higher standards for evidence of what programs are effective. The combination of these two trends provides social psychologists with ample opportunity to understand whether and under what conditions some core theories, such as the contact hypothesis and social identity theory, apply in the field. However, rigorously evaluating the effectiveness of development programs in conflict environments, particularly peacebuilding programs, through Randomized Control Trials (RCTs), comes with numerous challenges. These include (1) insecurity and consistent access to populations; (2) ethics of randomization especially, during a humanitarian crisis; and (3) how to maintain the integrity of a program and research design within a changing context. As a result, implementers are often resistant to conducting RCTs. Based on my experience as a scholar-practitioner, I describe the benefits of RCTs that implementers may be unaware of, such as how RCTs help disentangle the impacts of the program from the changing context, as well as how to address the most common c
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When Research, Identity and Context Merge: A Reflexive Assessment on Studying Peace During Conflict |
Aydın Bayad,Aslı Aydemir |
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While the methodological difficulties of social scientific research in conflict zones has previously been explored (Goodhand .; Sriram et al. .), especially in social psychology, there has been little attention paid to the changing identity of the researcher (Moss et al. .). In this chapter, we focus on the removal of the border between research and personal experience throughout a research project on the social representation of peace conducted in Turkey during the escalation of a conflict. We discuss the ways the researcher’s identity may merge with the political context of their research, as well as the effect of this merge on different stages and components of research. By separating the research project into three phases (before, during and after the conflict), we show that both open and oppressive political contexts determine the authors’ motivation and identity resulting in certain methodological obstacles as well as opportunities. Finally, we discuss how academic collective action can be crucial to feeling empowered in a fluxional context (Acar and Coşkan .; Erdem and Akın .) and how reflexivity and disciplinary self-awareness become beneficial to sustain critical knowledge
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