Titlebook: Radiology Illustrated: Nutcracker Phenomenon and Nutcracker Syndrome; Seung Hyup Kim Book 2022 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Autho

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CT and MRI Findings,suggest NCP have been reported. A beak-like narrowing of am-LRV indicates significant compression of am-LRV. My colleagues have reported this beak sign and related parameters that may be measured with CT such as beak angle, LRV diameter ratio, and am-angle. They divided 27 patients into three groups

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NCP Associated with Congenital Variations of LRV and IVC,hem is retroaortic LRV. In retroaortic LRV, LRV runs posterior to the AA and is compressed in the narrow space between the AA and the vertebra. NCP and NCS occurring in retroaortic LRV are called posterior NCP and NCS, respectively. Opposite to the posterior NCP and NCS, those occurring in normally

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Severe NCP, Occlusion of LRV,vere narrowing of am-LRV and marked dilatation of h-LRV. We may find sluggish or whirling flow signals in the dilated hi-LRV. We may not see prominent bright-colored, high-velocity jetting signals at CDUS, but occasionally we may detect weak but very high-velocity spectra at SDUS. In these patients,

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NCP Associated with Congenital Variations of LRV and IVC,d NCS occurring in retroaortic LRV are called posterior NCP and NCS, respectively. Opposite to the posterior NCP and NCS, those occurring in normally positioned LRV anterior to the AA are called anterior NCP and NCS, respectively.

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