Titlebook: Political Deference in a Democratic Age; British Politics and Catherine Marshall Book 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s),

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978-3-030-62541-2The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerl

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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62539-9British politics; Bagehot; English Constitution; Democracy; Constitutional history; Legitimacy of power; L

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,Introduction: Why ‘Deference’?,re two main ways of defining political deference: it is either hierarchical in its structure or egalitarian. Because of historical circumstances, English deference began by being hierarchical and only evolved slowly into a democratic structure through a voluntary and rational form of deference to be

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Deference and the Politics of Notablestics a certain class of people who could be relied on to be rationally deferential to the new system. In doing so, the type of free-born Englishman who believed in ‘popular constitutionalism’ existing at a local level was channelled into the ‘official’ national structure. But not all were allowed in

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Walter Bagehot, the ‘Darwin of Deference’on rather than a British one, but the term extended to an Anglo-British understanding of both the constitution and the people, imposing the dominance of the English over the rest of the Union. In Bagehot’s mind, English deference was a character trait which had facilitated the evolution of English p

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The Challenges to Voluntary Deference (1911–1945)a new era in which the concept of voluntary deference was slowly undermined. Politicians and judges started questioning the system, and whether an over-powerful executive, the role of the establishment, and the aristocratic organisation of power undermined the egalitarian demands of a democratic str

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Voluntary Deference in Crisis (1945–1972)was due to the fact that Britain had changed after the war. This change was much greater than that of the inter-war period through decolonisation, the opening of the country to immigration, and the creation of the welfare state. The need for greater equality in society undermined the old customary w