| 书目名称 | PLANT BREEDING: Classical to Modern | | 编辑 | P. M. Priyadarshan | | 视频video | | | 概述 | Provides a detailed overview of conventional and modern approaches to plant breeding.Addresses all the topics required for the curriculum of undergraduate and master’s students.Covering plant breeding | | 图书封面 |  | | 描述 | .This book offers a detailed overview of both conventional and modern approaches to plant breeding. In 25 chapters, it explores various aspects of conventional and modern means of plant breeding, including: history, objective, activities, centres of origin, plant introduction, reproduction, incompatibility, sterility, biometrics, selection, hybridization, methods of breeding both self- and cross- pollinated crops, heterosis, synthetic varieties, induced mutations and polyploidy, distant hybridization, quality breeding, ideotype breeding, resistance breeding, breeding for stress resistance, G x E interactions, tissue culture, genetic engineering, molecular breeding, genomics, gene action and varietal release. .The book’s content addresses the needs of students worldwide. Modern methods like molecular breeding and genomics are dealt with extensively so as to provide a firm foundation and equip readers to read further advanced books. . .Each chapter discusses the respective subject as comprehensively as possible, and includes a section on further reading at the end. Info-boxes highlight the latest advances, and care has been taken to include nearly all topics required under the curri | | 出版日期 | Textbook 2019 | | 关键词 | Plant Breeding; Plant Genetics; Biotechnology; Molecular Breeding; Genetic Engineering; Genomics; Biometri | | 版次 | 1 | | doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7095-3 | | isbn_softcover | 978-981-13-7097-7 | | isbn_ebook | 978-981-13-7095-3 | | copyright | Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 |
| 1 |
Introduction to Plant Breeding |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
David Allen Sleper and John Milton Poehlman gave the definition for plant breeding as: “Plant Breeding is the art and science of improving heredity of plants for the benefit of humankind”. Above all others, this is the best-suited definition for plant breeding.
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| 2 |
Objectives, Activities and Centres of Origin |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
The main objectives of plant breeding are to improve the qualities of plants in many respects.
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| 3 |
Germplasm Conservation |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Germplasm is a collection of various strains and species that accommodates total of all the genes present in a crop and its related species. Germplasm is the basic indispensable ingredient of all breeding programmes, and hence, collection, evaluation and conservation of germplasm types become an integral part of any breeding programme. Usually, the germplasm accessions are conserved in the form of seeds stored at ambient temperature, low temperature or ultralow temperature.
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| 4 |
Modes of Reproduction and Apomixis |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Flowering plants follow either one of these three fundamentally different modes of reproduction: (a) through cross-pollinated seeds, (b) self-pollinated seeds and (c) asexual (vegetative) means. Mode of reproduction is a decisive factor in moulding population structure and evolutionary potential. All three modes are being used by perennial plants. Apomixis is another way of asexual reproduction. The sexual life cycle of vascular plants follows haploid and diploid generations in an alternate fashion. Haploid spores are produced by diploid sporophytes through meiosis. Haploid egg and sperm are produced by gametophytes through mitosis. Egg and sperm unite to form diploid zygotes from which new sporophytes develop. When offspring are produced through modifications of the sexual life cycle avoiding meiosis and syngamy, the process is asexual reproduction.
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| 5 |
Self-Incompatibility |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
A generalized definition of self-incompatibility by de Nettancourt is “the inability of a fertile hermaphrodite seed plant to produce zygotes after self-pollination”.
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| 6 |
Male Sterility |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Flowers are organized into four concentric whorls of organs, namely, sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Stamens are the sporophytic organ system with male sporogenous (diploid) cells which undergo meiosis and produce haploid male spores or microspores or pollen grains. Stamen consists of anther and the filament, and the filament is a vascular tissue that supplies water and nutrients to the anther. The production of pollen grains involves an array of extraordinary events that are independent of a conventional meristem, with a transition from sporophytic to gametophytic generation. In addition, production of coenocytic tissues (the tapetum and the microsporocyte mass) is part of pollen development. Subsequently, pollen grains that are self-contained units for genome dispersal are made.
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| 7 |
Basic Statistics |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
An outline of application of biometrics in plant breeding is dealt here, as envisaged in syllabi of several universities. However, for an in-depth knowledge of the subject, one may consult advanced books.
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| 8 |
Selection |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Selection is a process by which gene frequencies are changed so as to make the genotype suitable for a particular purpose. This is a process by which certain genotypes are preferred over others for further future generations. Selection can be either natural or artificial (by man).
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| 9 |
Hybridization |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Hybridization involves crossing of two different genotypes that results in a third individual with a different set of traits. Crossing the same species is easy that produces fertile progeny. Because of chromosome-pairing problems during meiosis, wide crosses are difficult and produce sterile progeny. Hybridization is through either insects (oil palm) or wind (maize) under natural conditions. Such plants are referred to as cross-pollinated species. In plants with perfect flowers (., having flowers with both stamens and pistils), cross-. rarely occurs in plants (like . and .) since they are normally self-pollinated. Plants that have separate pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant (such as maize) are .. Plants that have male and female flowers on separate plants (such as asparagus) are .. Through artificial means, hybrids of both cross-pollinated and self-pollinated plants can be accomplished. The breeder must know the time of development of reproductive structures of the species, treatments to promote and synchronize flowering and pollinating techniques. The concept of hybrid vigour, or heterosis, has resulted from hybridization.
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| 10 |
Backcross Breeding |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
A cross between F. hybrid and one of its parents is known as a backcross. Harlan and Pope in 1922 first proposed backcrossing as an appropriate breeding method for cereal crops. Since then, backcrossing became a widely accepted breeding strategy in diverse crops. This is used to transfer one or a few traits into an adapted/elite variety. Mostly, the elite variety used for backcrossing (called the “recurrent parent” or “recipient parent”) used to have a large number of desirable attributes but may be deficient in a few traits. The other parent, called the “donor parent” (or “non-recurrent parent”), lodges one or more traits that is lacking in the elite variety, but with poor agronomic traits.
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| 11 |
Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
As a matter of fact, breeding procedures and schemes differ with the breeding behaviour of a particular species. At the beginning of each breeding programme, the breeder should decide on the type of cultivar to breed for release to farmers. The breeding method used depends on the type of cultivar to be produced. There are basic types of cultivars, . inbred pure lines, open-pollinated populations, hybrids and clones.
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| 12 |
Breeding Cross-Pollinated Crops |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
While methods for improving self-pollinated species tend to focus on improving individual plants, improving cross-pollinated species, on the other hand, tends to focus on improving a population of plants. A population is a large group of interbreeding individuals. The principles of population genetics are applied to effect changes in the genetic structure of a population. The change is such that only desirable genotypes predominate in the population. In this process of changing gene frequencies, new genotypes will arise. This genetic variability must be maintained so that they can be utilized for further improvements in the future.
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| 13 |
Recombinant Inbred Lines |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Breeding cross-pollinated species is a challenge to the plant breeder. In plant breeding, . are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid . to exploit heterosis. Inbred lines can be developed from a heterozygous natural population or from F. progeny. Inbreds are derived through repeated self-pollination. Usually, repeated self-pollinations up to 6–10 generations (i.e. 3–5 years when two seasons per year can be accomplished) are necessary to achieve homozygous inbred lines. Development of inbred parents can follow different breeding methods such as pedigree breeding, backcrossing, bulking, single-seed descent, doubled haploids.
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| 14 |
Quantitative Genetics |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
Most of the traits improved through breeding like yield, height, drought resistance, disease resistance in many species, etc. are quantitative. They are also called polygenic, continuous, multifactorial or complex traits. Quantitative traits are the result of cumulative action of many genes and their interactions with the environment. Thus, it can create a range of individuals that vary among themselves with continuous distribution of phenotypes. A quantitative trait is assumed to be controlled by the cumulative effect of numerous genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs), as per multiple-factor hypothesis by Nilsson-Ehle (a Swedish geneticist in 1909) and East (an American in 1916). Hence, a single phenotypic trait is regulated by several QTLs.
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| 15 |
Heterosis |
P. M. Priyadarshan |
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Abstract
There are many definitions for heterosis: Heterosis or hybrid vigour is the superiority of a hybrid offspring over the average of both its genetically distinct parents; hybrid vigour is the increased vigour or other superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different plants; heterosis is superiority of F. in one or more characters over its better parental or mid-parental value; heterosis is that progeny of diverse varieties exhibit greater biomass, speed of development and fertility than both parents; heterosis is the phenomenon observed when the F. progeny of a cross exhibit improved or transgressive values traits over their parents.
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发表于 2025-3-21 17:46:31
