Titlebook: Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune System; Louis Pasquier,Gary W. Litman Book 2000 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author

演绎

Origin and Evolution of the Complement Systemaptive immunity, which depends on recognition molecules generated by somatic mechanisms during the ontogeny of each individual organism (. and . 1997). All data available to date indicate that adaptive immunity became established at the early stage of vertebrate evolution around the time of cartilag

Lasting

傲慢人

Recombination-Activating Genes, Transposition, and the Lymphoid-Specific Combinatorial Immune Systemth diverged from a common ancestor over 500 million years ago (MYA), include the presence of somatically rearranging antigen receptors (immunoglobulins, Ig; T cell receptors, TCR; new antigen receptor, NAR) via recombination activating molecules (Ragl and 2) and specific antigen-presentation molecul

细微差别

modish

The Phylogenetic Origin of Antigen-Specific Receptorsng dimeric antigen-specific receptors (Ig; T-cell receptor, TCR) expressed on lymphocytes (B-cells, T-cells; . 1983). Several reviews have recently been published on the evolution of bona fide antigen-specific receptors (. and . 1992; . et al. 1999; . et al. 1998; . and . 1998), but their origin rem

Aerophagia

Immunoglobulin Isotypes: Structure, Function, and Genetics in turn distinguished by unique structures in its constant region domains. These different structures confer distinctive functions on the Ig classes. When two or more Ig classes are very similar, as occurs with the four different types of IgG found in man and mouse, they are usually termed subclass

注意

Corral

The Immune System of Cartilaginous Fish and fill all predatory oceanic niches (and a few other niches as well; . 1992). For our purposes, they are the oldest group of vertebrates shown to possess an adaptive immune system grounded on immunoglobulins (Ig), T cell receptors (TCR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and clas

Ceramic

Immune-Type Diversity in the Absence of Somatic Rearrangementts in the primary diversification of the immune receptor genes encoding both immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell antigen receptor (TCR) genes. Although an extraordinary degree of interspecific variation in both numbers of recombining elements and mechanisms of secondary diversification of rearranged Ig g

Graves’-disease